[N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]
[Ca] [Cd] [Ce] [Ch] [Ci] [Cl] [Co] [Cr] [Cs] [Cu] [Cy]
C: [1] Abbreviation for Celsius or centigrade. [2] Abbreviation for coulomb. [3] Abbreviation for comfort.
c-4 system: See computer-controlled catalytic converter
CA: API classification for diesel engine oil widely used in the late '40s and '50s.
CAAM: Acronym for "China Association of Automobile Manufacturers."
cab: [1] A taxi or car for hire. [2] The closed part of a truck (or even a car) where the driver sits.
cab chassis: A truck chassis which includes the driver compartment.
cab-forward design: A car design in which the front end is short and the footwells extended to the front axle. This design gave more passenger space and pushed the windshield further from the passengers
cabin: A passenger compartment
cabin forward: See cab-forward design
cabin-forward design: See cab-forward design
cable: A cord generally made of strands of thin wire. Electrical cables are covered with a protective non-conducting material. Control cables are housed within an outer sleeve. See jumper cables.
cable activated: A device which is controlled by a cable. As a lever or pedal is engaged, the device is correspondingly moved. The longer the cable the less efficient is the system. Cables tend to stretch and fray with use.
cable brake: A braking device which is activated by a cable
cable clamp: [1] A device for securing a cable end to the point where it connects. [2] A device which secures the outer sheath of a cable
cable guide: A tube which is secured in place to channel the cable which runs through it
cable lock: A thick cable with a lock at one end and which can be wrapped around a bicycle frame and a post to protect the bike from being stolen.
cable operated: An item which is controlled by a cable
cables: See cable.
cabriolet: Similar to the sport coupé, it has a provision for converting to an open-type body (i.e., convertible). A rumble seat is a common but not mandatory feature. Also called a "drophead coupé."
CACIS: Acronym for Continuous AC Ignition System
CAD: Acronym for "computer aided design."
Caddy: An euphemistic name for Cadillac.
cadence braking: A braking method in which the driver rapidly depresses and releases the brake pedal to bring a vehicle to an emergency stop
Cadillac: The following Cadillacs are classic cars:
Cadillac Eldorado: The 1953-58, 67-70 Eldorado models are milestone cars. Also see the history of Cadillac Eldorado.
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham: The 1957-58 models are milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac Eldorado.
Cadillac 60 Special: The 1948-49 models are milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac.
Cadillac 61 Coupe Fastback: The 1948-49 models are milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac.
Cadillac 62: The Sedanet and Convertible DeVille for 1948-49 are milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac.
Cadillac 75: The Sedan/Limo for 1946-70 are milestone cars. Also see history of Cadillac.
cadmium-plated: Something that is covered with a coating of cadmium. It is usually used to protect aluminum and steel nuts and bolts
CAE: Acronym for Computer Aided Engineering
CAFE: Acronym for "Corporate Average Fuel Economy."
cafe racer: An early sportbike motorcycle which originated in Europe. They had a low windshield and the rider was bent forward to optimize the flow of air. Its name came from those who raced from one restaurant (cafe) to another.
cage: [1] On a front derailleur of a bicycle, it is a pair of parallel plates that push the chain from side to side; on a rear derailleur, it is a set of plates in which pulleys are mounted to hold and guide the chain from cog to cog. [2] Any device for holding or securing something, e.g., a bottle cage on a bicycle. [3] When referring to bearings, it is the part which holds the balls or rollers in place. Usually called ball cage [4] When referring to a vehicle, it is the safety enclosure called a "roll cage."
CAJAD: Acronym for "Canadian Association of Japanese Automobile Dealers"
CAL: Acronym for Computer Aided Lighting
calcium chloride: A chemical (salt) which is added to water in a liquid ballast.
calendering: A thin layer of rubber inside the tire casing which covers the carcass cords to protect them from moisture and to protect the tube from chafing by the cord body. In tubeless tires, calendering consists of a layer of air proof butyl rubber.
calibrate: As applied to test instruments it is the procedure of adjusting the dial needle to the correct zero or load setting.
calibration: Marking the measuring units on an instrument or checking their accuracy
California wheel: A name given to a spoked wheel produced by particular manufacturer. Although the wheel is popular in the East and Midwest of United States, it is not common in California or other Western states.
| caliper: [1] The apparatus on disc brakes which hold the disc pads and straddles the disc. When actuated the pads press against the disc to stop or slow the vehicle. [2] On bicycles, the brake arms that reach around the sides of a wheel to press brake pads against the wheel rim. [3] An adjustable measuring tool that is placed around (outside caliper) or within (inside caliper) an object and adjusted until it just contacts. It is then withdrawn and the distance measured between the contacting points. | |
caliper gauge: A caliper (definition #3)
calliper: Alternate spelling for caliper
Cal-look: A style modification of small vehicles which first started in California. Most of the chrome is removed and the vehicle is painted a bright color like yellow, light blue, and red.
CAM: Acronym for "Computer Aided Manufacturing"
cam: [1] A designed bump on a shaft or disc which causes a rocking motion in an adjacent part. [2] A metal disc with irregularly shaped lobes used in the camshaft to activate the opening and closing of the valves and in the distributor, to force the points to open. [3] A colloquial name for the camshaft. [4] A name for the breaker cam.
cam-and-lever steering: A steering system in which a conical peg mounted on a lever engages in a helically cut groove on a cylindrical drum. Also called "cam-and-peg steering"
cam-and-peg steering: See cam-and-lever steering
cam-and-roller steering: A steering system in which a tapered disc or a set of discs or rollers engage with a helically cut, tapered groove on a cylindrical drum
cam angle: See dwell.
Camaro: A series of pony cars from the Chevrolet division of General Motors. It is often misspelled as "Camero" because of a mispronunciation. The 1967-69 SS/RS V-8 and Z-28 models are milestone cars.
cam belt: See timing belt
| camber: A wheel alignment adjustment of the inward or outward tilt on the top of the wheel when viewed from the front of the vehicle. Tipping the top of the wheel center line outward produces positive camber. Tipping the wheel center line inward at the top produces negative camber. When the camber is positive, the tops of the tires are further apart than the bottom. Correct camber improves handling and cuts tire wear. Camber is measured in degrees. | |
cambered axle: An axle that has a slight arch which curves upward at the center so that the wheels can tilt outward at the top. In this way it is better than an axle which might sag under load.
camber thrust: The side force generated when a tire rolls with camber. Camber thrust can add to or subtract from the side force a tire generates.
cam chain: A timing chain which controls the overhead camshaft.
cam design: See cam profile
camelback: Uncured retread rubber in crescent shape, available in various widths and depths according to size and type of tire being retreaded. See die size.
cam face: The surface of a cam lobe
| cam follower: The unit that contacts the end of the valve stem and the camshaft. The follower rides on the camshaft and when the cam lobes move it upward, it opens the valve. Also called "valve lifter" or "tappet." | |
cam ground piston: See cam-ground piston.
cam-ground piston: A piston with a skirt that is ground slightly egg-shaped or oval-shaped. The widest diameter of the skirt is at right angles to the piston-pin axis. When it is heated, it becomes round. The design allows for a closer fit in the cylinder so that there is a reduction of blowby gas, cylinder scuffing, and piston slap.
cam heel: The lowest point of a cam opposite the lobe. Also called base circle
cam lobe: See cam lobes.
cam lobes: The bumps on a cam that contact and activate such devices as the lifters, which operate the valves, and the rubbing block, which causes the points to open and close, as the cam spins with the distributor shaft.
cam lubricator: A device, often in the form of a wick, for lubricating the contact breaker cam in the distributor
campaigning: Racing a particular vehicle for an entire season.
camper: A structure which fits into a truck bed for camping purposes. It usually has beds and possibly cooking and washing facilities. Also called a "truck camper."
camping trailer: A trailer containing camping equipment. Also see folding camping trailer, soft-top trailer, hard-top trailer, and trailer
cam profile: The shape of each lobe on a camshaft. These shapes determine when the valves open or close.
cam roller: Rotating wheel acting as a cam follower
| camshaft: A shaft with cam lobes (bumps) which is driven by gears, a belt, or a chain from the crankshaft. The lobes push on the valve lifters to cause the valves to open and close. The camshaft turns at half the speed of the crankshaft. Also see double-overhead cam, overhead cam, race camshaft, and three-quarter race camshaft. | |
camshaft bearing: Usually a plain bearing which supports the camshaft
camshaft drive: A connection between the crankshaft and camshaft by means of gears, chain, drive belt, shaft, or eccentric shaft to maintain the ratio of 1:2.
camshaft drive belt: A timing belt
camshaft drive sprocket: A sprocket attached to a crankshaft (either at one end or somewhere in the middle) which drives the camshaft with the use of a chain
camshaft end play: The amount of lateral movement of the camshaft once it is installed
camshaft gear: A gear that is used to drive the camshaft.
camshaft housing: That part of the engine which encloses the camshaft and often other parts of the valve train.
camshaft journal: That part of the camshaft that runs in one of its bearings
camshaft pulley: The pulley on the end of the camshaft for the camshaft drive belt
camshaft sprocket: The sprocket on the camshaft which (through a chain) is driven by the camshaft drive sprocket
can: [1] A tube in a canned motor pump which insulates the motor winding. [2] A muffler
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: (FTA) Implemented in January 1989 to eliminate all tariffs on U.S. and Canadian goods by January 1998 and to reduce or eliminate many non-tariff barriers.
Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council: (CARS) A not-for-profit organization established to serve the human resource and training needs of the Canadian car and truck repair and service industry.
Canadian cross border shopping: cross border shopping describes the purchasing by Canadian consumers of products in the United States. Of particular interest is the decision by these buyers to obtain their products in the U.S., even though similar products are available in the Canadian market.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act: (CEPA) act where the goal is pollution prevention and protection of Canadians from toxic substances.
candela: A basic unit of luminous intensity
candle: See candle power.
candle power: A measurement of the light producing ability of a light bulb.
candy apple paint: A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal flakes) with a transparent clear coat
candy paint: A bright color (usually red) paint (often with metal flakes) with a transparent clear coat
canister: A small metal box or can.
canister air filter: A centrifugal force air filter
canned motor pump: A glandless pump with a special type of submersible or "canned" motor, whose stator winding is insulated from the fluid pumped by a tube, the so-called can
cannibalize: To take parts from a vehicle to fit to another vehicle
canning: The insertion of the catalyst element into the converter shell of a catalytic converter
cantilever: An arm that projects from a source and supports cables. See cantilever brake.
cantilever brake: rim brake on bicycles with pivoting arms mounted on fork blades or seatstays at or below rim level.
cantilever brakes: See cantilever brake.
cantilever spring: [1] A leaf spring which is mounted upside down and attached to the vehicle at its mid-point. This system is no longer in use in modern vehicles. [2] A quarter-elliptic leaf spring
cantrail: The roof rail
canvas top: The convertible top.
cap: [1] A protective round cover which is secured to something. [2] The base of a light bulb which fits into a socket. [3] Cleaner air package system of reducing the amount of unburned hydrocarbons in the automobile exhaust. Also see bearing cap, distributor cap, hubcap, and pressure cap.
capacitance: The property which opposes any change in voltage in an electrical circuit. The property of a nonconductor by which it stores electrical energy when separated surfaces of the nonconductor are maintained at a difference of potential. Capacitance is measured by the ratio of the charge induced to the potential difference and is proportional to the area of the conducting plates and the dielectric constant of the nonconducting material, and inversely proportional to the separation of the plates (mks unit: farad).
capacitive discharge: (CD) A type of ignition system. It can be either all-electronic or breaker point controlled. The primary power is drawn from the engine's battery and put into the CD power supply, where it is changed from 12 volts direct current to about 300 volts of pulsating direct current that is stored in a capacitor (condenser). The release of this energy through the coil is governed by a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). When the SCR switch is closed, the voltage stored in the capacitor is supplied to the coil, which acts as a voltage step-up transformer boosting firing voltage to around 30,000 volts to fire the plugs.
capacitor: A device which gives capacitance, usually consisting of conducting plates or foil separated by layers of a dielectric. A potential difference applied across the plates induces a separation of charge centers in the dielectric, thus storing electrical energy. See condenser.
capacitor controlled electronic ignition: See electronic ignition system and capacitive discharge.
capacitor discharge ignition: (CDI) See capacitive discharge
capacity: [1] The ability to contain or hold something. [2] Maximum production attainable under normal conditions. With regard to normal conditions, the company's operating practices are to be followed with respect to the use of production facilities, overtime, workshifts, holidays, etc. [3] The output of an electric motor or other electrical equipment. [4] The volume of fluid which a pump can handle. Also see ampere hour capacity, breathing capacity, carrying capacity, cubic capacity, energy, fuse, passenger capacity, ply rating, top off, and work capacity.
capacity rating: See rated capacity
capillary: A tube with a very small bore used for temperature gauges
capillary action: The property of a liquid to move into small spaces if it has the ability to "wet" these surfaces
capillary tube: A tube with a very small bore used for temperature gauges
capital expenditures: expenditures to acquire or add to capital assets that will yield benefits over several accounting periods. Included are cost of procuring, construction, installing new durable plants, machinery and equipment where for replacement, addition or for lease or rent to other companies including subsidies.
cap nut: A nut that is closed at the threaded end often with a dome
capping: [1] Installing a new tread on a tire carcass. See retreading. [2] Door molding or capping
capstan screw: A screw or bolt with a round head and one or more holes through it into which a bar may be inserted for securing or removing it
capstat: A wax-type thermostat at the base of the jet of a SU carburetor, which expands and reduces fuel flow when the underhood temperature rises. Also see temperature compensator
captive: Something that is permanently located in the desired position
captive finance company: A leasing or finance company which is affiliated with an automobile manufacturer or distributor.
captive import: an imported motor vehicle or part manufactured by another automaker usually for sale under the brand name of the importer.
captive nut: A nut which fits into a cage and is welded in place. This is done where the nut is not easily accessible.
car: A wheeled vehicle such as an automobile, a section of a train, or a streetcar. The word is an abbreviation of "carriage" -- a device to carry people or goods.
car accident: A collision between two or more vehicles (or between a vehicle and a stationary object), whether the vehicles are cars or trucks. Some are minor like a fender bender while others are totalled. Also see written off
caravan: [1] A group of vehicles (belonging to one organization) which follows after one another. [2] A British term for camping trailer or a mobile home.
caravanning: A British term for travelling with a camping trailer
carb: An abbreviation for "carburetor."
car banger: A British term for a person or organization which fakes a car accident in order to defraud an insurance company
car banging: The act of faking a car accident in order to defraud an insurance company
car blind: A curtain or pull-down covering for the backlight (i.e., rear window) to obscure the bright headlights of a following vehicle. Some are also used for side windows for privacy. It is generally illegal to use them on the driver's side window or the windshield.
carbon: [1] The hard, or soft, black deposits found in the combustion chamber, on the plugs, under the rings, on and under the valve heads, etc. Although it is not a metal, it is a good conductor of electricity. [2] An element which forms various kinds of steel when combined with iron. In steel, it is the changing carbon content which changes the physical properties of the steel. [3] Carbon is used in a solid form as an electrode for arc welding, as a mold to hold weld metal, or for motor brushes.
carbon black: A by-product of the petroleum industry used as a pigment and to give body in the manufacture of rubber products, both natural and synthetic. Carbon is the black residue from burning petroleum.
carbon brush: A block of carbon to which a copper wire (or braided cable) is attached at one end and the other end rubs against a commutator, collector ring, or slip ring to transmit electricity
carbon brush spring: See brush spring
carbon build-up: A deposit of burned oil which collects in the combustion chamber on the top of the piston and the head. Too much carbon build-up can lead to an inefficient engine and sticky valves.
carbon-core leads: High tension wire going from the distributor to the coil or the spark plugs. Each wire has a core of carbon or graphite rather than copper wire to conduct the electricity. Carbon-core wire is not recommended for most small engines such as motorcycle engines.
carbon dioxide: (CO2) A colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas which is a product of breathing and the combustion process.
carboned up: covered with a thick deposit of carbon. In Britain it is called "coked up"
carbon fiber: Threadlike strands of pure carbon that are strong and flexible. Carbon fiber can be bound in a plastic resin matrix to form a strong composite. It is light-weight and stronger than steel. Can also be spelled "carbon fibre."
carbon fibre: See carbon fiber.
carbon fouling: The situation that occurs when the two electrical terminals of the spark plug are coated with carbon causing a reduction in efficiency leading to intermittent firing or complete failure.
carbonize: Building up of carbon on objects such as spark plugs, pistons, heads, etc.
carbonizing: Another term for carburizing or reducing
carbon knock: When there is a build-up of carbon in the combustion chamber, uncontrolled ignition will take place causing a knocking noise.
carbon monoxide: (CO) A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas found in the engine exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
carbon pin: A thin cylinder of carbon located in the distributor cap to transfer high tension electricity from the coil to the rotor to the high tension leads going to the spark plugs.
carbon tetrachloride: A liquid often used in fire extinguishers. The fumes are toxic -- avoid inhaling.
carbon tracking: A trace of carbon found inside the distributor cap which leads away some electricity, thus causing the engine to misfire.
carburation: British term for carburetion
carburetion: The mixture of vaporized fuel and air in the proper proportions for combustion in an engine
| carburetor: Optionally spelled carburetter or carburettor. A device that vaporizes fuel and mixes it with air in proper quantities and proportions to suit the varying needs of the engine. A filter screens the air which is drawn into the carburetor. Here the gasoline mixes with the air and this fuel vapor enters the combustion chamber through the intake valve where it is compressed and burned. Also see air-valve carburetor, double-barrel carburetor, downdraft carburetor, dual carbs, four-barrel carburetor, sidedraft carburetor, single-barrel carburetor, and updraft carburetor | |
carburetor adapter: An adapter that is used to fit or place one type of carburetor on an intake manifold that may not be originally designed for it. Also used to adapt four-barrel carburetors to two-barrel manifolds.
carburetor barrel: The tube-like part of the vehicle through which air flows and is mixed with vaporized fuel. The choke butterfly valve is located at the top of the carburetor barrel, and the throttle valve is located at the bottom. Midway through, the barrel narrows, and this part is called the "venturi." Carburetors can have one, two, or four barrels.
carburetor circuit: A series of passageways and units designed to perform a specific function idle circuit, full power circuit, etc.
carburetor circuits: See carburetor circuit.
carburetor engine: A combustion engine which uses a carburetor instead of fuel injection.
carburetor icing: The formation of ice on the throttle plate or valve during certain atmospheric conditions. As the fuel nozzles feed fuel into the air horn it turns to a vapor. This robs heat from the air and when weather conditions are just right (fairly cool and quite humid) ice may form. Also see icing.
carburetor throat: See venturi
carburetor venturi: See venturi
carburetter: See carburetor.
carburettor: See carburetor.
car burglar: A person who steals object from a car, but does not steal the car itself. See car thief
carburization: The process of creating carbon steel by increasing the carbon content of steel to reach the desired degree of hardness
carburizing: A carburizing flame in welding terms is an oxygen-fuel gas flame with a slight excess of the fuel gas
car cap: A waterproof cover which encloses just the greenhouse (i.e., the roof, windshield, side glass, and backlight)
car care product: One of several items for taking care of the outward finish of the car (i.e., cleaners, polish, wax, preservers) as well as the interior pieces (e.g., dash cleaners, upholstery cleaners and sealers)
carcass: The primary structure of a tire body with its cords, plies, rim wires, etc. apart from the tread itself. Structurally the carcass should hold air and provide strength to the tire, but would not wear well without the tread.
car cover: A cover which encloses the entire vehicle to protect the finish from the elements.
car crash: A car accident
cardan: See cardan joint.
| cardan joint: A type of universal joint named after the Italian Cardan who developed the concept in the 16th century. In the 17th century, Robert Hooke of England developed and patented the conventional universal joint. Sometimes it is called the "Cardan universal" or the "Hooke universal." It has two yokes at right angles to each other. | |
cardan shaft: A shaft with universal joints at each end
cardan universal: See cardan joint.
cargo area: The space within a station wagon or van for carrying goods or the bed of a pickup truck for carrying goods
cargo net: A type of bungee net usually found in the trunk of a car to secure packages from moving around.
car insurance: An insurance policy (mandatory in most states and all of Canada) to cover possible damage to the vehicle or property or passengers, etc. Sometimes basic insurance is abbreviated PL&PD (public liability and property damage). Also called "motor insurance"
car jacker: A person who steals a car at gunpoint.
car jacking: A process of stealing a car while the driver is still in it. The car may be stopped at a traffic light when a car jacker appears with a gun and demands that the driver get out, then he drives away with the car. If it happens to you, give him the car -- your life is worth more than the vehicle.
car key: An unlocking device for the ignition switch, doors, trunk, gas cap, etc.
car park: A parking area usually located within a building
carpeting: The action of covering the passenger compartment floor (and sometimes the trunk floor) with a form-fitting rug or carpet.
car phone: A telephone that is installed in a vehicle, but has recently been replaced by personal cell phones
car polish: A product which enhances the shine of the paintwork of a vehicle
car radio: A radio receiver which is installed (usually in the dash) in a vehicle
carriage: [1] A horse-drawn vehicle for people to ride in. [2] A railroad vehicle for passengers.
carriage bolt: A bolt that has a smooth dome head (like a mushroom) so that no screwdriver or wrench can remove it from the dome-side.
carrier: See carrier bearing. Pinion carrier, or planet carrier.
carrier bearing: The bearings upon which the differential case is mounted.
carrier bearings: See carrier bearing.
carrier, pinion: See pinion carrier.
carrier, planet: See planet carrier.
carrosserie: French term for coachwork.
carrozzeria: Italian term for coachwork.
carrying capacity: The maximum load that a tire is allowed to carry with a particular wheel and rim. Also called "load capacity."
CARS: Acronym for "Canadian Automotive Repair and Service Council"
car sponge: A large sponge for washing the exterior of a vehicle
car stereo: A listening device in an automobile which usually has an AM/FM radio and often a cassette player, CD player, and/or CD changer. It also includes at least a pair of speakers.
car tax: A government imposed tax which is added to the price of a new car. Some governments charge a road-use tax and call it a car tax.
car test: A test of a vehicle's roadworthiness, reliability, and performance.
car theft: Unauthorized removal (i.e., stealing) of a car or the items in or on a car. Also see car jacking
car thief: A person who steals a car. If someone steals just the objects from a car, he is a car burglar. Also see car jacker
car tire: An automotive tire which is used exclusively on a passenger car, not a light truck, etc.
cart spring: A leaf spring used in small trailers.
carvac: A small, hand-held vacuum cleaner which is either battery-operated or which is plugged into the accessory outlet or cigarette lighter socket.
car wash: [1] A place where you can get your car cleaned. Some are automatic (you drive through and large brushes clean the car) while others provide a bay with spray wands and brushes for you to do the labor. [2] A product like soap which is added to water for the purpose of cleaning a car.
car wax: A polish which may be in a paste or a cream and used in protecting the finish of a car.
case: See differential case.
case harden: The action of hardening the surface of steel.
case-hardened: A piece of steel that has had the outer surface hardened while the inner portion remains relatively soft.
casehardening: The action of adding carbon to the surface of a mild steel object and heat treating to produce a hard surface.
casing: [1] The outside shell of something such as the shell of an alternator or starter motor. [2] The tire casing.
casing factor: That portion of the load supported by tire casing stiffness instead of air pressure.
cassette compartment: A storage place for cassettes
cassette player: A unit which plays (but does not record) cassettes and is often linked with a stereo unit in an automobile
cast: [1] To shape molten metal by pouring it into a mold. [2] A model or result made by pouring metal into a mold. See cast iron and casting.
castellated: See castellated nut.
castellated nut: A nut with several lugs protruding from one end making it look like the turrets on the top of the wall of a castle. This nut is used on a shaft with a hole drilled in it. It is secured to the shaft by passing a cotter pin through an opening in the nut and through the shaft hole.
| caster: A wheel alignment adjustment that positions the wheels like the casters on a chair or shopping cart, so the tires follow naturally in a forward straight line. In a truck or older car, the top of the kingpin is either forward (negative) or toward the rear of the vehicle (positive). On a turn, the wheels will tend to straighten out when the steering wheel is released. If the car has independent front suspension, the upper ball joint is set forward or rearward in relation to the lower ball joint. Caster is measured in degrees. Also see trail distance | |
caster action: The self-centering action which causes a caster wheel to move into a straight-ahead position.
caster angle: The inclination or angle that a wheel makes when measuring the distance between the vertical post and the offset of the wheel placement.
caster offset: The distance on the ground between where the vertical post would touch the ground if it were extended and the point where the wheel touches the ground. Also called caster trail
caster trail: The distance on the ground between where the vertical post would touch the ground if it were extended and the point where the wheel touches the ground. Also called caster offset
caster wobble: A condition generally produced in the front wheels when they are attached to the ends of a beam axle. It is particularly noticeable on rough roads and the shimmy at the steering wheel makes it difficult to control the vehicle. You have probably seen this condition in a shopping cart that has caster wheels that wiggle or fluctuate back and forth and will not roll in a straight line.
casting: [1] A process technology that delivers a liquid molten metal into a purpose-built mold. After cooling, the solid metal surface has the shape of the mold cavity. [2] Pouring metal into a mold to form an object. Also see die casting.
castings: Metallic forms which are produced by pouring molten metal into a shaped container or mold.
cast iron: An alloy of iron and more than 2% carbon. It is used for engine blocks and transmission and differential cases because it is relatively cheap and easy to mold into complex shapes.
castle: See castellated nut.
castle nut: British term for castellated nut.
castle section: A panel with humps or ribs which strengthen the panel. They are called "castle" because from the end they look like the turrets of a castle
castor: British spelling of caster.
cast spoke assembly: That part of the vehicle consisting of the brake drum and wheel spider, having 3, 5 or 6 spokes.
cast spoke type: A type of dual mounting wheels where two demountable rims are mounted directly on the spoke wheel and drum assembly held apart by a spacer band and locked in place by clamps and nuts which attach to studs in the spoke face.
cat: An abbreviation for catalytic converter
catalyst: [1] A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being used up. [2] A special agent which is added to a plastic body filler or resin or paint to speed up the hardening process.
catalyst bed: A layer of catalyst-coated material such as pellets or ceramic in a catalytic converter through which the gases pass.
catalyst charge: A catalyst-coated material such as pellets or ceramic in a catalytic converter.
catalyst coating: A catalytic layer
catalyst container: A housing of a catalytic converter. Also called a "converter shell"
catalyst contamination: A reduction of efficiency because of impurity deposits
catalyst degradation: A reduction of efficiency because of impurities or overheating. Also called catalyst deterioration
catalyst deterioration: A reduction of efficiency because of impurities or overheating. Also called catalyst degradation
catalyst efficiency: See catalytic efficiency
catalyst indicator: A light on the instrument panel which glows when a prescribed distance has passed in order to remind the driver to have the catalytic converter replaced.
catalyst substrate: A base material which carries the catalytic layer or coating. Also called catalyst support
catalyst support: A base material which carries the catalytic layer or coating. Also called catalyst substrate
catalytic: See catalytic converter and three-way catalytic converter.
catalytic activity: The rate a catalytic converter purifies the exhaust system
catalytic converter: A pollution-control device found on the exhaust system of all cars since its introduction in 1974 which acts like an afterburner to reburn unburned gas in the tail pipe. It looks like a small muffler and is usually made of stainless steel. It contains platinum, rhodium, or palladium which is a catalyst for the chemical reaction needed to burn off any unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by turning them into water vapor, carbon dioxide and other less toxic gases. Also see three-way catalytic converter.
catalytic efficiency: The effectiveness of a catalyst in purifying exhaust gases
catalytic layer: A thin layer of catalyst such as platinum and supported by a ceramic or metal carrier material
cataphoretic painting: A process of applying the first coat of paint to the body of a car by positively charging the paint particles and then dunking the metal into the paint. A current is turned on so that the positively charged paint is attracted to the negative metal panel. Also called cathodic electropainting
catback: A performance exhaust system upgrade which consists of new pipes from the catalytic converter to the tail pipe which increases horsepower. These new pipes are larger, thus, more exhaust can exit the system. The faster the exhaust can exit, the more horsepower you gain.
cathode: In an electric circuit, the negative terminal.
cathodic electropainting: A process of applying the first coat of paint to the body of a car by positively charging the paint particles and then dunking the metal into the paint. A current is turned on so that the positively charged paint is attracted to the negative metal panel. Also called cataphoretic painting
cathodic protection: The action of protecting metal from electrochemical corrosion by using it as the cathode of a cell with a sacrificial anode
catwalk: An obsolete term for the section between the fender and the hood. On modern cars, this section does not exist at all. But on older cars (like the 1939 Cadillac), the fender was spaced a little way apart from the hood. The headlights were mounted toward the front of the catwalk.
caustic etching: The removal of metal by dipping aluminum parts in caustic soda
caution: A period in racing in which track conditions are too hazardous for racing due to an accident or debris on the racing surface. The cars remain in their racing positions behind the pace car until it is determined that it is safe to resume the race.
caved: Dented inward as in When the car hit me, it caved in the door.
cavitation: A condition in which a partial vacuum forms around the blades or impeller wheels of a pump, reducing the pump's output because part of the pump blades lose contact with the liquid. It can be a problem in fuel and water pump, fluid couplings, and torque converters. When severe, it can result in the erosion of the pump blades and other internal surfaces.
cavity: [1] An empty space in a body structure, either in a box section or a double-skinned area. [2] A holder and contact for fuses
cavity sealant: A product made of oil, wax, and rust inhibitors which is painted or sprayed into a cavity to prevent rust and corrosion.
CB: [1] diesel engine oil introduced in 1949. [2] An acronym for Contact Breaker. [3] An acronym for Citizens' Band. See CB radio
CB radio: A two-way radio which is limited to specific frequencies. Initially used by truck drivers and later by both mobile vehicles and stationary sites; but more recently it has declined in use with the advent of cell phones.
CBR process: Acronym for Controlled Burn Rate process. It is a method of improving fuel economy by increasing or decreasing the rate which the fuel burns
CBU: Acronym for "Completely Built-Up."
CC: [1] Cruise control. [2] A type of diesel engine oil introduced in 1961. [3] (cc) Cubic centimeter.
CCCA: Acronym for "Classic Car Club of America."
CCFA: Acronym for "Comité Des Constructeurs Français d'Automobiles"
C-clamp: A tool which is in the shape of the letter "C". A screw at one end of the clamp forces the end of the screw against the object to be secured.
CCS: Acronym for "controlled combustion system" of reducing unburned hydrocarbon emission from the engine exhaust.
CD: [1] Diesel engine oil introduced in 1955. [2] See capacitive discharge. [3] (Cd) A measurement of drag coefficient.
CD changer: A device which is connected to a stereo system and allows several music CDs to be played.
CDI: Acronym for "Capacitor discharge ignition"; also see CDI box
CDI box: Acronym for "capacitive discharge Ignition" device sometimes controlled by a computer. It is designed to help the spark plug fire at a rate consistent with the rpms of the engine.
CD player: A device which plays music compact discs. Usually combined with a stereo radio receiver and sometimes with a CD changer.
CDV: Acronym for "Car-Derived Van" (e.g., Renault Kangoo).
Cd value: a number representing the coefficient of drag which is the amount of resistance that a moving vehicle makes in a wind tunnel
cell: [1] A compartment or chamber in a battery which contain positive and negative plates suspended in electrolyte. A six-volt battery has three cells, a twelve-volt battery six cells. [2] The combustion chamber in a rotary engine.
cell connector: The lead bar or strap connecting battery cell groups.
cell phone: See cellular phone
cellular phone: A portable, wireless telephone which was first introduced in 1983 in the US. Currently it is used both as a car phone and a personal phone.
cellulose: A popular term for nitrocellulose -- a universal automotive finish, which is thin and therefore suitable for spraying, fast drying, and gives a hard and brilliant finish
cellulose putty: A filler used to cover minor body imperfections.
Celsius: Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100 deg and the freezing point is 0 deg. The term replaces the word "centigrade." To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 then multiply the result by 5 and divide by 9. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, then divide by 5. Now add 32 to the result.
CEMA: Acronym for "Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association."
cement: An adhesive rubber compound dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack and cured adhesion for tires. May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Also called "contact cement."
cementite: FE3C Iron carbide. A hard substance found in cast iron.
census value added: residual representing the difference between the value of goods and industrial services produced and the direct material costs associated with the production of goods.
center: To place something in a central place in relation to other items
center bore: See wheel center bore.
center console: A section of the dash which is mounted between the driver and passenger sections. It often houses the shifter, cup holders, storage space, and possibly the stereo.
center differential: A differential which is used in a four-wheel-drive vehicle to distribute the power to both the front and rear differentials.
center drive: Most engines have the power take-off at the end of the crankshaft. A center drive has the power take-off between the cylinders.
center drive plate: The disc between the driven plates in a twin plate clutch.
center electrode: [1] Electrode which protrudes out of the insulator nose of a spark plug. [2] A center terminal
center gear: The sun gear of a planetary gearset.
centerline: An imaginary line which passes from the front to the rear of a vehicle, half way between the distance between the left and right side of the vehicle.
center locking disc: A hub cap which is secured in place with a bolt or other locking device.
center lock nut: A spinner which secures the wheel to the hub.
center median: On a divided highway, the area between the two directions of traffic. The British call it the "central reserve."
center of buoyancy: The position in a floating object where the upthrust appears to act.
center of gravity: (CG) That point in an object, if through which an imaginary pivot line were drawn, would leave the object in balance. In the vehicle, the closer the weight to the ground, the lower the center of gravity. Cornering, acceleration, and other forces act upon the vehicle's center of gravity, thus affecting body roll and other handling characteristics.
center of pressure: An aerodynamically determined point at which wind force on the side of a vehicle is assumed to be concentrated for analytical purposes. It is a function of the shape and aerodynamic drag (resistance) of an automobile's body shell, determines the effect of side winds on a vehicle's direction of travel, and is a concept similar to the center of gravity.
center pillar: The supporting post which is located in the middle of the car and holds up the roof. It is also called the "B-post" or "B-pillar"
center point steering: A steering geometry where the steering axis cuts the wheel axis in the wheel center plane, with no offset at the road surface.
center punch: A metal tool that is shaped like a pencil where you can hit the blunt end with a hammer so that the sharp point makes an indentation in some metal. In this way the drill-bit can fit into the indentation when you want to make a hole.
center section damage: A description of a vehicle after it is involved in an accident when it has been hit on the side somewhere between the front and rear wheels. The frame and body are bashed in at the center, but the front and rear of the vehicle may not have sustained any damage.
center steering linkage: A steering system using two tie rods connected to the steering arms and to a central idler arm, the idler arm is operated by a drag link that connects the idler arm to the pitman arm.
center terminal: A high tension distributor has a rotor which spins around a center post and transfers electrical energy from the center post or terminal to each of the surrounding terminals located in the distributor cap. In this way the energy from the coil is transferred to the high tension leads going to each spark plug.
center the clutch: To align the center holes in the clutch plates so that they fit easily on the splines of the crankshaft.
center tunnel: The hump which runs from front to rear between the left and right passenger (i.e., driver and passenger). It often accommodates the transmission and/or drive shaft. In front wheel drive vehicles it covers the wiring leading to the rear of the vehicle. Also see transmission tunnel
centigrade: Thermometer on which the boiling point of water is 100 deg and the freezing point is 0 deg. The term is no longer in use and is replaced by the word Celsius.
central gearchange: The usual arrangement with the gear lever in the center of the floor.
central chassis lubrication: A configuration of the engine and chassis where an oil change and the greasing of grease (zerk) fittings can be made from one spot -- generally underneath the vehicle.
central locking: The locking or unlocking of all the doors by locking from one location. This may be done by turning a key in a door lock or using an electronic device. Also see central locking hub.
central locking hub: A wheel with splines in the center which match up with the splines on the outside of the hub. This system is usually found on wheels that are attached to the hub with a center attaching nut on older cars -- especially sports cars -- rather than the type that is attached with several studs or bolts in a circular pattern.
central reservation: A British term for the median which divides the north and southbound lanes (or east and westbound lanes) of a divided highway.
central reserve: A British term for the median which divides the north and southbound lanes (or east and westbound lanes) of a divided highway.
centre: See center.
| centrifugal advance: A device found on the distributor which, through the action of centrifugal force on two weights, advances or retards the ignition spark to correspond with changes in engine speed and load. Also see vacuum advance. | . |
centrifugal clutch: A clutch that uses centrifugal force to expand a friction device on the driving shaft until it is locked to a drum on the driven shaft.
centrifugal force: That force which tends to keep moving objects travelling in a straight line, when a moving vehicle is forced to make a turn, centrifugal force attempts to keep it moving in a straight line, if the vehicle is turning at too high a speed, centrifugal force will be greater than the frictional force between the tires and the road and the vehicle will slide off the road.
centrifugal force air filter: A type of canister air filter used on the engines of semi-tractor-trailer units which removes the dust before it reaches the filter element.
centrifugal governor: A device which controls the speed by using centrifugal force. As the speed of a shaft increases, weights are moved outward. When the weights reach a predetermined place, the shaft can no longer increase in speed. This governor may be found in automatic transmissions
centrifugal oil filter: A filter in the lubrication system which pushes any impurities to the outside of the filter as it rapidly rotates.
centrifugal pump: A pump which forces liquid from one location to another by the rotation of an impeller.
centrifugal weight: The movable part in a centrifugal clutch or centrifugal advance. The weight (sometimes called a "finger") moves outward as a result of centrifugal force. Changing the mass of the weight will cause the weight to move outward sooner or later. The heavier the weight the later the movement.
centripetal force: A force which acts towards a central point, such as Earth's gravity. In a sense it is the opposite of centrifugal force.
century: A bicycle ride of 100 miles (160.9 km). Also see metric century.
CEPA: Acronym for "Canadian Environmental Protection Act."
ceramic: A product made from clay or glass. Currently some manufacturers are trying to develop ceramic cylinders because of its ability to retain its shape when heated in contrast with metal which expands when heated. Also see ceramic filter.
ceramic brake pad: A brake pad constructed with ceramics to reduce wear and heat.
ceramic filter: A filtering device using a porous ceramic as the filtering agent.
ceramic honeycomb: The interior of a monolithic converter which supports the catalyst.
ceramics: See ceramic.
cetane number: A method of rating diesel oil or fuel by measuring the time lapse between fuel injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how fast it will burn. The lower the cetane number, the higher the temperature required to burn the oil.
cetane rating: A method of rating diesel oil or fuel by measuring the time lapse between fuel injection and ignition to determine how easy it is to ignite and how fast it will burn. The lower the cetane number, the higher the temperature required to burn the oil.
CFC: Acronym for chlorofluorocarbon.
CFC gases: Chlorofluorocarbon gases.
CFM: Acronym for "Cubic Feet per Minute." This is the rating of the volume of air moved.
CG: Acronym for center of gravity.
chafer: The area between the bead and sidewall of a tire.
chafer strip: The area between the bead and sidewall of a tire.
chain: Linked, flexible metal "rope" that connects two sprockets (e.g., the chainwheel to the back wheel, sized differently for different types of bikes.) The teeth of the sprockets fit inside the spaces between the links. Also called a roller chain. Also see cam chain, derailleur chains and timing chain.
chain breaker: A tool for removing the pins in a roller chain so that the links can be removed.
chaincase: An enclosed metal covering which encircles the drive and driven sprockets as well as the chain.
chain case: See chaincase.
chain drive: A system of transferring power from one shaft to another by means of sprockets and an endless chain. This is the system used on a bicycle; but it is also used on an engine to control the timing of valve opening (called "timing chain" or "cam chain").
chain filter wrench: A chain wrench which encircles the oil filter to assist in its removal.
chain guard: A metal or plastic covering for the top run of a chain. It is most often found on bicycle chains where the guard keeps your clothing from being caught in the chain or even from getting greasy.
chain hoist: A lifting device which uses a chain and block and tackle to lift large objects like engines.
chain pipe wrench: A chain wrench which circles around a pipe and grips it so that the pipe can be tightened or removed.
chainring: A sprocket attached to the right crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also called "chainwheel."
chainring nut spanner: A special bicycle tool used to loosen the slotted nuts that fasten a chainring to a crankarm.
chain run: The distance between the front and rear sprockets.
chain scrubber: A device attached to a chain which rubs away the grime while the chain is moving.
chainstay: One of the two tubes of a bicycle frame that run from the bottom bracket back to the rear dropouts.
chainstays: The two tubes of a bicycle frame that run from the bottom bracket back to the rear dropouts.
chain tensioner: A device which takes up the slack in a chain. Some use an idler wheel which can be adjusted (manually or automatically), others use a flat slide which pushes against the chain to keep it from bouncing around. Most modern units are spring loaded so that the tensioner automatically takes up the slack. Some require that you need to undo a locking nut to allow the spring to push against the chain. Afterward the lock nut needs to be secured again.
chainwheel: A sprocket attached to the right crankarm of a bicycle to drive the chain. Also called "chainring."
chain whip: A tool consisting of a metal bar and two sections of chain, used in changing cogs on a freewheel. Sometimes called "chain wrench."
chain wrench: A locking pliers which employs a chain to wrap around an object such as a pipe to secure or remove it. See chain whip.
chalking: The appearance of a white powder on a paint surface as it weathers and ages.
chamber: [1] A compartment which is basically empty or hollow. [2] A pressure chamber used to vulcanize pre-cured tread stock to the buffed casing. Also see combustion chamber and pre-combustion chamber.
chamfer: To bevel or taper the edge of an object especially the sides of a hole.
chamfered: a chamfered object is one that has a symmetrically bevelled edge.
chamois: Pronounced SHAM-mee. A soft piece of animal skin (from a deer, sheep, goat, etc.) used to absorb water after washing the surface of a vehicle. Also called a chamois leather or shammy leather.
chamois leather: See chamois.
change: To remove something and replace it with something else.
change down: A British expression meaning to shift to a lower gear.
change gear: The action of selecting a different gear. This expression is used more in Britain than in North America where the expression is "shift gear."
change into: A British term for the action of shifting into another gear, such as "change into second" (shift into second gear) or "change into top" (shift into high gear)
changeover: [1] The refitting of equipment to either neutralize the effects of the just completed production or to prepare equipment for production of the next scheduled item, or both. [2] The removing of new original equipment tires in exchange for a different make, size, or type.
change-speed gearbox: A transmission which houses a set of gears which move into various configurations of engagement in order to produce different output ratios.
change the oil: The act of draining out the old or dirty oil from an engine and replacing it with fresh oil.
change up: A British term meaning to shift up to another gear
change valve: A British term for a valve in an automatic transmission which raises the oil pressure as the vehicle speed increases. In North America it is called the shift valve.
channel: [1] To lower the vehicle body around the frame. [2] A route or groove through which anything passes.
channelled: Vehicle body lowered down around the frame.
channel section: A long metal U-shaped member used in the chassis.
| Chapman strut: A type of rear suspension using a lower lateral link and a long spring-shock strut to determine wheel geometry. The basic principle is the same as that of the front MacPherson strut and it is so named because Colin Chapman first used it on the original Elite; it is also used on the Elan models, the new Elite, and the Datsun (Nissan) Z-car. | |
characteristic map: A three-dimensional picture showing the relationship between various components of a vehicle. With the help of a computer, engineers can modify one component to see the effect it has on the whole operation of the vehicle.
charcoal: The amorphous form of carbon obtained by the destructive distillation of animal or vegetable matter in a limited supply of air. In automotive use, it is used to purify air or exhaust gases. Also see activated carbon.
charcoal canister: Another name for activated carbon canister
charcoal filter: A filtration system using activated carbon to remove impurities.
charge: [1] The action of passing an electric current through a battery to restore it to the active (charged) state. Normally the vehicle's generator or alternator takes care of this. If the vehicle is not used much, an external charger is needed to charge the battery. [2] The definite quantity of electricity usually found in a storage battery. [3] Refers to the mass of air and fuel that enters a cylinder during the intake stroke. [4] A refund amount of money. See core charge.
charge air: The air/fuel mixture.
charge air cooling: An intercooler
charge-air recycling: A device on a turbocharger which maintains the speed of the compressor when there is no boost so that the boost is more instantly available on demand.
charge changing: In a two-stroke engine, the removal of exhaust gases through the exhaust port in order to introduce a new load of fuel-air into the transfer port. Also called "charge exchange process."
charge exchange process: Another name for charge changing
charge losses: In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust gases are expelled out the exhaust port and the fresh charge is brought in through the transfer port. Sometimes some of the fresh charge is also forced out with the exhaust gases. There is therefore a loss of some of the fresh air-fuel charge. Also see scavenging losses.
charger: Common name for a battery charger.
charging: See battery charging.
charging characteristic: When a battery is being charged, the charger will reveal how much voltage and/or amperage is being required to bring the battery up to full charge.
charging circuit: See charging system.
charging current: The amount of electric current being supplied to the battery from the alternator or from a battery charger.
charging efficiency: [1] In a vehicle's electrical charging system, its efficiency is the ratio of energy output to energy input, i.e., how well does the alternator work to supply voltage to the electrical components and still charge the battery. [2] In a two-stroke engine, it is the ratio of the amount of the fresh charge that remains in the cylinder after the two ports are closed and the actual volume.
charging piston: In a two-stroke engine, this is a secondary piston which precompresses the fresh charge and sends it into the cylinders
charging point: A place where a battery can be charged -- especially for battery-powered electrical vehicles. Also called battery charging station
charging pressure: see boost pressure.
charging rate: The amount of electrical current which is delivered by the charging system. It is usually measured in amperes.
charging stroke: see induction stroke.
charging system: A system that, using a fan belt driven by the engine, enables the alternator (or generator) to generate electrical current, which is stored in the battery and delivered to the electrically operated pars of the vehicle chassis: The parts of the vehicle which are left when the body and fenders are removed.
Charpy test: An impact resistance test in which the specimen is supported as a horizontal beam and broken by a single swing of a pendulum with the impact line midway between the supports and directly opposite the notch for notched specimens.
chase: To repair damaged threads on a bolt or nut.
chassis: Generally, chassis refers to the frame, engine, front and rear axles, springs, steering system, and fuel tank. In short, everything but the body or cab and fenders. Because most modern automobiles (apart from trucks) do not have a separate chassis, the body is sometimes called the chassis. Also see cab chassis and cowl chassis.
chassis bracket set: when the sill panel does not have a jointing flange, a set of securing pieces are welded under the sill before straightening a bent or damaged sill.
chassis cab: A truck with a cab but no bed. To this system various bodies (ambulance, moving van, flat beds, etc.) can be added by aftermarket suppliers.
chassis channel: A channel section which makes up a member of the chassis.
chassis dynamometer: A test stand for a vehicle to determine its power output or emission levels, etc. when the vehicle is placed under a variety of driving conditions. See dynamometer.
chassis frame: A frame (found on large trucks) which is made up of two long side members which are joined by several crossmembers. The suspension and axles are attached to this frame.
chassis leg: The short channel or box section which runs along the vehicle's main axle. It is an auxiliary member, not the main side member.
chassis number: The serial number of an older vehicle which was originally stamped on a chassis member. Later it became known as a vehicle identification number (VIN)
chassis section: One of the chassis channels or boxes, whether bolted or welded to the whole.
chatter: [1] A noise which is caused by an irregular movement of rattling parts. [2] The jerky movement of two components which may have moved in a systematic way under low speed; but as the speed increases, the components make irregular contact.
check: [1] An inspection to determine if everything is functional. [2] A slight slash or marking which may appear in a tire or upholstery. See checking.
check ball: A small ball (like a ball bearing) often made of metal or plastic, found in a check valve to halt the progress of fluid in a certain direction.
check engine warning light: An light on the dash which is illuminated when one of the engine sensors or components does not function properly.
checkered flag: The black and white flag to signal the end of the race.
checking: [1] Short, very fine crack lines that appear in the paint film. [2] Small cracks in the surface of rubber (e.g., tires) caused by aging and oxidation.
check point: [1] A designated spot on a component where it is possible to determine if there is a malfunction. [2] A place on the road where vehicles are stopped during a rally.
check routine: A series items in an inspection which traces a fault or problem or which determines if all the components of a new vehicle meets the required specifications.
check stop: An action taken by the police to stop vehicles in order to determine if the drivers have been drinking, wearing seat belts, and conforming to the other requirements of operating a vehicle.
check the battery: Determine if the electrolyte is at the correct level and add distilled water to bring it up if necessary
check the oil: Using a dipstick, determine if there is sufficient oil in the crankcase
checkup: The process of discovering the reliability of a vehicle or its components. "Give my engine a checkup." Sometimes it means "tune-up."
check valve: A one-way valve that opens to permit the passage of fluid or air in one direction and closes to prevent passage in the opposite direction.
cheese head: A cylindrical head for a screw with a straight slot and straight sides.
chemical brightening: The improvement of the smoothness of the surface of metal by immersing it into a solution designed to remove any roughness. Also called "chemical polishing."
chemical cure: Vulcanization at room temperature or above, activated by chemical agents without the application of heat from an outside source.
chemical polishing: See chemical brightening.
chemical toilet: A portable toilet which is used in campers and motorhomes. They contain chemicals to deal with the feces and its smell until the contents are dumped.
Chenard-Walcker: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars.
cherry: A colloquial term for a vehicle that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect condition. Also called "mint" or "like new."
cherry condition: A colloquial term for a vehicle that has been kept in, or restored to, perfect condition. Also called "mint condition."
Chevrolet: The 1955-57 Bel Air V-8 Hardtop and Convertible are milestone cars.
Chevrolet Camaro: The 1967-69 SS/RS V-8 and Z-28 models are milestone cars.
Chevrolet Corvette: The 1953-70 models are milestone cars. See also a history of the Corvette.
Chevrolet Nomad: The 1955-57 models are milestone cars.
Chevrolet type: A dual mounting wheel type consists of one cone locking nut on each stud that holds both wheels in place against the hub.
childproof lock: On the rear doors of a car, a specially designed locking device can be set to normal or to childproof. When set to childproof, the door cannot be opened from the inside.
child restraint system: A term for a number of items which are designed to protect children from injury during an accident (such as child seats).
child seat: A small safety seat which is mounted on a regular car seat and is held in place by the seat belt.
chilled iron: cast iron possessing a hardened outer skin.
chip: Small pits in the glass (windshield or headlight) or in the paint caused by small flying stones.
chipping: The action of tearing away small bits or flakes of paint or of rubber from the tread of a tire. When larger pieces of rubber tear away, it is called chunking.
chipping hammer: A hammer used to remove the slag from weld seams.
chisel: A thick pencil shaped tool with a sharp flat end like a blade screwdriver. When you hit the blunt end with a hammer, it forces the blade end into metal to mark it or even cut through it.
chlorofluorocarbons: (CFCs) A gas compound which was used as a propellant in aerosol cans and in refrigerants.
chock: A wedge used to prevent a wheel from rolling -- especially when replacing a tire/wheel. Also called a wheel chock.
choke: A butterfly valve or plate located near the top of the carburetor that limits or restricts the amount of air allowed to enter the carburetor, thus enriching the fuel-air mixture and enabling the vehicle to start and run more easily when cold. Automatic chokes have a thermostatic coil or thermostatic spring that activates a butterfly valve at the top of the carburetor barrel. Older cars have manually operated chokes. Some vehicles use an enrichner instead of a choke. Also see automatic choke.
choke stove: A flapper near the top of the carburetor which regulates the amount of air entering the carburetor. See choke.
choke control: A device or system for operating a non-automatic choke. It is usually a cable attached at one end to the choke butterfly and a knob on the dash at the other end.
choke knob: A knob on the dash fascia which is part of the choke control system.
choke stove: A heating compartment in or on the exhaust manifold from which hot air is drawn to the automatic choke device.
choke tube: The part of the carburetor air horn where the choke butterfly is positioned. Also called a carburetor venturi.
choke valve: In a carburetor, it is the choke butterfly.
chop: Lowering the height of some area of the vehicle roof, hood, etc.
chopped wheel: Lightened flywheel.
chopper: [1] A motorcycle which has been modified so that it has lengthened and raked front forks and a lowered seat. Often the original fuel tank is changed to a smaller size. The handlebars are also lengthened. [2] To travel by motorcycle.
chop shop: [1] A garage which specializes in turning a two-door car into a convertible by removing the steel top. [2] An illegal garage which processes stolen cars by removing valued parts and selling them privately or by changing the serial numbers for illegal resale.
Christmas tree: A device, using a series of lights, to start cars on the timed 1/4 mile drag run.
chromate: [1] A salt or ester of chromic acid which is often used as a paint pigment. [2] The action of treating metal with a solution of chromium compound to produce a protective metal chromate coating. Also called "chromatize."
chromate coating: A conversion coating produced by chromating.
chromate treatment: A solution of chromium compound is applied to metal to produce a protective coating of metal chromate.
chromatize: The action of treating metal with a solution of chromium compound to produce a protective metal chromate coating. Also called "chromate."
chrome: [1] A short form for chromium. [2] The chromium plating of metal on a vehicle. [3] To plate with chromium.
chrome-hardened: Steel that has been made harder by adding chromium.
chrome-plated: In order to prevent iron from rusting and showing bright and shiny, the iron is coated with a layer of chromium by process of electroplating (or electrodeposition).
chrome ring: A piston ring with a chrome face. See piston ring, chrome.
chrome steel: in order to improve rust resistance and increase hardness, chrome is added to steel. Also called "chromium steel."
chrome work: All the metal on a vehicle which has been plated with chrome.
chromic acid: electrolyte which is used in anodizing processes for producing non-transparent, non-metallic oxide layers.
chromium: A very hard grey metal used in electroplating and the production of very hard steel compounds that are also resistant to rust.
chromium-plated: A coating of metal with chromium to protect the metal from rust.
chromium plating: The process of coating metal with a layer of chromium to prevent rust.
chromium steel: In order to improve rust resistance and increase hardness, chrome is added to steel. Also called "chrome steel."
Chrysler: The 1926-30 Imperial 80, 1931 Imperial 8 Series CG, 1932 CG and CH, 1933 CL, 1934-6 CW with required application are classic cars. The 1970 300 Hurst is a milestone car. The 1955-65 300 Letter Series are milestone cars. The 1946-50 Town and Country models are milestone cars.
chubby screwdriver: A British term for a screwdriver with a short handle and blade for reaching into confined spaces. In North America it is called a "stubby screwdriver."
chug: [1] The short explosive sound of an engine going steadily and rather slowly. [2] To make the sound of chug. [3] To drive slowly and steadily.
chunking: The action which occurs when large pieces of rubber from the tread of tire breaks away. When small pieces break away, it is called chipping.
CI: [1] Acronym for "compression ignition." [2] Acronym for "coil ignition."
CIH: Acronym for "camshaft in head"
CIH engine: A type of overhead valve engine (OHV) where the camshaft is enclosed within the cylinder head not placed on top of it. It is not the same as an overhead camshaft (OHC).
CID: Acronym for "cubic inch displacement."
cigar lighter: A device which heats up an element when engaged. In turn, the lighter can ignite something flammable like a cigarette. The socket can also be used to power other electrical components requiring 12 volts.
cigar lighter: A device which heats up an element when engaged. In turn, the lighter can ignite something flammable like a cigarette. The socket can also be used to power other electrical components requiring 12 volts.
CIM: Acronym for "computer-integrated manufacturing."
circle: See base circle, turning circle, and wheel bolt hole circle.
circlip: A flat retaining ring in the shape of an incomplete circle where the ends at the gap may have small holes for inserting special pliers to spread the circlip apart. Also called a snap ring.
circuit: [1] A source of electricity (battery), a resistance unit (headlight, etc.) and wires that form a path for the flow of electricity from the source through the unit and back to the source. The path of electrical current through an electrical system. See starting system. [2] The path of the fuel in the carburetor. See carburetor circuits. [3] The course over which vehicles are raced particularly if it is somewhat circular.
circuit breaker: A protective device that will make and break the flow of current when current draw becomes excessive. Unlike the fuse, it does not blow out but vibrates on and off thus giving the driver some light to stop by. Also see cutout.
circuit diagram: A wiring diagram showing the path of the electrical connections and the various colors of the wires. circuit tester: A tool which looks like a screwdriver with a light at the end of the handle as well as a long wire with an allegator clip. The pointed end touches the hot wire while the allegator end touches or clips to the ground. If there is continuity and power, the light in the handle will glow.
circular headlamp: The older type of headlight which may be the larger one (7 inch) with both high and low beam or the smaller one (5.75 inch) dedicated to either low or high beam.
circulating pump: A centrifugal pump, like an automotive water pump, which moves the liquid in a closed system.
circumferential break: An injury to the tread or sidewall of a tire which encircles the tire.
circumferential crack: A crack in the grooves of the tread which may be evident around the whole tire.
CIS: Acronym for "continuous injection system."
Cisitalia: The 1946-49 GT (Pininfarina) models are milestone cars.
citizens band radio: A CB radio which is used to communicate over a specified frequency. It was particular the domain of truck drivers.
Citroen: The 1955-64 models D8 and ID 19 are milestone cars.
city car: A compact vehicle used for driving within a city rather than on the highway. It is usually only 10 to 12 feet (300 to 360 cm) long.
city cycle: An adult bicycle or tricycle used for riding within the city. Also called an urban cycle.
CKD: Acronym for "Completely-Knocked Down."
CL: Acronym for "Comfort Luxe" as a designation for a vehicle which is more luxurious than an "L" but not quite as luxurious as a "GL"
cladding: [1] a process of covering one material with another and gluing them together under high pressure and temperature. [2] The outer body panels which are attached to the vehicle's frame. [3] Excessive decorative elements applied to a vehicle.
clamp: A fastening device which secures something within its jaws without constant human pressure. See , , , .
Clamping load: In a clutch, the amount of pressure on the plates.
clamshell: A shape which has a bottom and top but is hinged at one end so that it can be opened to expose its interior.
clapboard: A narrow board which is thicker at one edge than the other edge and used to protect from the weather.
class A thread: A British term for external thread.
class B thread: A British term for internal thread.
classic car: A vehicle that is generally considered to be one of the finest models ever built. Unlike antique cars, classic cars do not have to be extremely old. Mustangs and VW bugs built in the late 1960s are considered to be classics by many people; however, they are really milestone cars. Classic cars are defined by the Classic Car Club of America and are considered to be certain models during the years 1925-1948. They include the following built during those years:
Classic Car Club of America: P.O. Box 443, Madison, NJ 07940. Organization which defines which cars are true classics.
claw hammer: a hammer with a forked end on the head which is used for removing nails.
Claxton horn: A horn which makes a particular sound "Ah-oo-gah." See horn.
clay model: When the design department is creating a new model, it will be built in clay to full size to determine its looks etc.
cleaner: A product to purify or remove unwanted substances. Also see air cleaner, air cleaner horn, oil bath air cleaner, and paper air cleaner.
clean oil: Fresh oil that has not been used in a vehicle before.
clean oil lubrication: A lubrication system where fresh oil is supplied to the engine as needed -- such as in a two-stroke engine.
clearance: A given amount of space between two parts such as between piston and cylinder, bearing and journal , etc. See bearing clearance piston ring side clearance, and valve clearance.
clearance height: [1] The distance between the ground and the lowest portion of the bottom of a vehicle (not counting the wheels). Also called ground clearance. [2] The distance between the top of a vehicle and the bottom of a bridge or tunnel which determines whether the vehicle can pass under it.
clearance lamp: A light which is mounted on the extreme edges of the roof of a truck to show the maximum height and width of a vehicle. Also called "marker lamp."
clearance volume: The space above a piston when it is at the top dead center.
clear coat: A clear paint covering used on modern vehicle bodies. It is the top coat.
CLEPA: Acronym for "Comité de Liaison de la Construction d'Equipements et de Pièces d'Automobiles" (i.e., European Association of Automotive Suppliers).
click-type torque wrench: A torque wrench which gives out an audible click when the preset torque is reached.
climate change: the international concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere are changing the climate in ways detrimental to our social and economic well-being.
climate control: A lever or button which you can move to change the temperature in the passenger compartment of a vehicle. It controls the heater, vent, and/or air conditioner.
climatic chamber: A test area into which an automobile can be placed to see if it will meet the extremes of temperature and humidity.
climbing ability: While some vehicles may have a high top end speed on a road with no incline, the real test of a vehicle in mountainous terrain is its ability to go up a hill at an adequate speed (i.e., its climbing ability).
clincher: A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim, not commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the common wired-on tire.
clincher tire: A tire whose edges hook under the curved-in hooked edge of a special rim, not commonly found anymore on bicycles and often confused with the common wired-on tire.
clinometer: An instrument which measures the steepness of a hill.
clipless pedal: See clipless pedals.
clipless pedals: Road bike pedals that use a releasable mechanism like that of a ski binding to lock onto cleated shoes and do not use toe clips or straps.
clip-on weight: A wheel weight that is clipped on the rim between the rim and the tire. It is used to balance a wheel.
clock: [1] An instrument showing the time. [2] An odometer as in the statement I want to buy this car, but it has too many miles on the clock. To record the speed or time that vehicle makes.
clocking: [1] The action of recording the speed of a vehicle. [2] In Britain, it is the action of turning the odometer back.
c/locking: Abbreviation for "central locking."
clockwise: Rotation to the right like the direction of clock hands. In most cases it is the direction to secure a nut to a bolt. It is the opposite to counterclockwise.
clog: To obstruct a passageway or track so that the normal flow or operation of something is hindered.
close call: In driving it is the near possibility of an accident.
close coils: The coils or loops of a spring which are tightly together.
close coupled sedan: See close-coupled sedan.
close-coupled sedan: Similar to the sedan, this body style is shorter and thus usually accommodates only five passengers. The rear quarter windows were eliminated.
closed cooling system: See coolant recovery system.
closed crankcase ventilation: A system in which crankcase vapors are discharged into the engine intake system (usually through the intake manifold) and pass through the engine cylinders rather than being discharged into the atmosphere.
closed loop system: A self-adjusting system which keeps conditions stable and is controlled by negative feedback from a sensor.
close-ratio gearbox: A transmission in which there is very little difference between one gear ratio and the next. This kind of transmission makes it easy for fast shifting.
closing cam: A cam or rocker which closes a valve in a mechanically operated valve system. Other types close the valve through the operation of the valve spring. Also called "closing rocker."
closing rocker: A cam or rocker which closes a valve in a mechanically operated valve system. Other types close the valve through the operation of the valve spring. Also called "closing cam."
closing force: The force needed for the spring to close a valve.
closing panel: A panel which covers a hole in the body, interior panels, or frame.
cloth upholstery: The fabric of the seats made of cloth rather than leather or vinyl.
cloud point: The temperature at which diesel oil tends to thicken and cloud up (i.e., become cloudy).
club hammer: A hammer with a short handle but a large, heavy head. It is used to hit the back end of a chisel or drift.
clunker: A vehicle which might run but is rusty and in need of a lot of repair work.
cluster gear: The cluster of gears that are all cut on one long gear blank. The cluster gears ride in the bottom of the transmission. The cluster provides a connection between the transmission input shaft and the output shaft. Also called "counter gear."
cluster panel: The reverse side of the instrument panel or dash where all the wiring or circuit board is located.
| clutch: A device that disconnects the engine from the transmission, to allow the vehicle to change gears, and then allows the engine and transmission to resume contact and turn together at a new speed. Also see centrifugal clutch, clutch diaphragm spring, clutch pilot bearing, clutch housing, clutch disc, clutch pressure plate, clutch explosion, clutch lever, clutch pedal, clutch pedal free travel, clutch release bearing, clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers, clutch shaft, clutch solenoid, clutch throwout fork, cone clutch, double clutching, multiple disc clutch, freewheeling, multiple disc clutch, one-way clutch, overrunning clutch, riding the clutch, roller clutch, and sprag clutch. | |
clutch aligning set: A group of tools used to align the clutch plates with the flywheel. Usually there is a shaft, pilot bearing adapters, and tapered universal sleeves.
clutch aligning tool: A tool which looks like a bar or a disc which can be used to line up the clutch plates with the flywheel.
clutch brake: A device for slowing down the clutch discs (and thus the gears themselves) so that shifting is smoother and quieter.
clutch cable: A cable (usually a cluster of thin strands within a plastic sheath) which operates the movement of the clutch plates. At the other end is a pedal (in automobiles) or a handlebar lever (left side).
clutch cover: A metal cover which encases the clutch plates.
clutch diaphragm spring: A round dish-shaped piece of flat spring steel. It is used to force the pressure plate against the clutch disc in some clutches.
clutch disc: A spinning plate located at the end of the driveshaft facing the engine flywheel and covered with a friction material such as asbestos. When the clutch is engaged, the disc is squeezed between the flywheel and the clutch pressure plate, causing the engine and the transmission to turn at the same speed. British term is called "clutch plate."
clutch drag: When the clutch discs do not disengage completely after the clutch pedal is depressed or the clutch lever is pulled in, there is excessive friction so that it is difficult to shift gears because both the driven discs and the input shaft are both rotating.
clutch explosion: clutches have literally flown apart (exploded) when subjected to high rpm, a scatter shield is used on competition cars to protect the driver and spectators from flying parts in the event the clutch explodes.
clutch facing: The asbestos-type lining on a clutch plate.
clutch fork: When the clutch pedal (or lever) is depressed, it pulls on a cable which moves the clutch fork which in turn pushes on the release bearing and disengages the clutch discs.
clutch housing: A cast iron or aluminum housing that surrounds the flywheel and clutch mechanism. Also called "bell housing."
clutch judder: A British term for "clutch shudder."
clutch lever: A hand-operated blade located on the left side of the handlebar of a motorcycle. When the clutch lever is pulled in, it disengages the clutch so the engine and the crankshaft can turn independently of the transmission and the rider can change gears. Also see clutch release finger.
clutch lining: The friction material on the face of the clutch discs.
clutch pedal: A foot-operated pedal located on the floor of the vehicle to the left of the brake pedal on cars with manual transmission. When the clutch pedal is depressed, it disengages the clutch so the engine and the crankshaft can turn independently of the transmission and the driver can change gears.
clutch pedal free travel: The specified distance that the clutch pedal may be depressed before the throwout bearing actually contacts the clutch release fingers.
clutch pilot bearing: A small bronze bushing, or in some cases a ball bearing, placed in the end of the crankshaft or in the center of the flywheel depending on the vehicle, that is used to support the outboard end of the transmission input shaft.
clutch plate: The clutch discs.
| clutch pressure plate: That part of a clutch assembly that through spring pressure, squeezes the clutch disc against the flywheel thereby transmitting a driving force through the assembly. To disengage the clutch, the pressure plate is drawn away from the flywheel via linkage. | |
clutch release bearing: See throwout bearing.
clutch release finger: A flat piece of metal shaped like a curved finger. Through the movement of the throwout fork, the throwout bearing pushes against the clutch release fingers or levers to release pressure against the pressure plate. Also called "clutch release lever."
clutch release lever: See clutch release finger.
clutch semi-centrifugal release finger: See clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers.
clutch semi-centrifugal release fingers: Clutch release fingers that have a weight attached to them so that at high rpm the release fingers place additional pressure on the clutch pressure plate.
clutch shaft: The shaft that takes power from the clutch into the gearbox. Also called the "drive pinion."
clutch shudder: When the clutch tries to engage (when the pedal or lever is released), but the discs do not mate securely, the discs engage intermittently and slip past each other making a noise like a shudder. In Britain, it is called "clutch judder."
clutch slip: Clutch slip occurs when the clutch tries to engage (when the pedal or lever is released), but the discs do not mate securely.
clutch solenoid: In some automotive air conditioners, a solenoid that operates a clutch on the compressor drive pulley. When the clutch is engaged, the compressor is driven and cooling takes place.
clutch spring: The clutch cover will have several posts over which the clutch spring (shaped like a cylinder) fits and pushes the pressure discs against the driven clutch discs to transmit power.
clutch starter interlock: A device which disengages the starter once the engine has started.
clutch throwout bearing: The clutch release bearing.
clutch throwout fork: The device or fork that straddles the throwout bearing and that is used to force the throwout bearing against the clutch release fingers.
clutch thrust bearing: The clutch release bearing.
C-matic transmission: Citroen's name for a semi-automatic transmission
CNG: Acronym for "Compressed Natural Gas"
CO: Acronym for "carbon monoxide." A deadly, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas found in the engine exhaust. Toxic even in relatively small concentrations. Formed by incomplete burning of hydrocarbons. Thus at its greatest with a rich mixture.
coach: [1] An enclosed two-door type body with permanent back panels and top, it is similar to the coupe, but the seating is different. A full width cross seat in the rear accommodates three passengers. Two separate seats in the front fold out of the way to admit rear passengers. There is no trunk, but trunk racks are frequently provided. [2] A luxurious bus, a tour bus.
coach bolt: A bolt with a mushroom head, but just below the head there is a square neck and then the threads. The square neck fits into a matching square hole to keep the bolt from moving.
coachbuilder: A person or company which manufactures special bodies for automobiles.
coachbuilt body: A separate body which is not integral with the chassis.
coachbuilt construction: The process of building an automobile so that the body is separate from the chassis. Often the bodies are built to customer specifications and may differ from one another even though they are built upon the same chassis design. Also see skeleton construction and unitary construction
coachlining: Pinstriping along the side of a vehicle or along the side of the fuel tank of a motorcycle.
coach paint: A slow-drying, high-gloss paint used on cars in the early 1900s. It was painted on car bodies with a brush.
coachwork: Although it is strictly the body of an automobile, it is particularly the comfort and luxury appointments as distinguished from the operational chassis thus it would include the interior, seats, upholstery, dashes, fenders, etc. -- everything but the mechanicals and the chassis. The French call it Carrosserie, the Germans call it Karosserie, and the Italians call it Carrozzeria. Also called "bodywork."
coarse-cut file: A file with deep grooves for removing a lot of metal quickly. It leaves rough edges which will need to be cleaned up with a smooth-cut file
coarse file: A file with deep grooves for removing a lot of metal quickly. It leaves rough edges which will need to be cleaned up with a smooth-cut file
coarse pitch: Gears or screw threads which have wide gaps between each tooth or thread.
coarse thread: The threads of a screw are wider apart. Opposite to fine thread.
coast: [1] To proceed, usually downhill, on a bicycle without pedalling; or in a motor vehicle without the aid of the engine. Also see freewheel. [2] A designation on a cruise control switch which (when activated) will cause the vehicle to slow down to a lower cruise controlled speed.
coaster: A vehicle, usually a bicycle, which has no means of propulsion (you can't pedal it and it is without any engine).
coaster brake: A braking system on a bicycle in which the rider stops pedalling forward (thus coasting) and pedals backward to engage the brake within the hub of the rear wheel.
coat: [1] A covering of paint or similar substance. See anodize, clear coat, cross-hatch coat, finish coat, fog coat, gel coat, mist coat, prime coat, single coat, tack coat, and undercoat. [2] To apply a covering of paint, etc.
coated electrode: See covered electrode
coating: A protective covering usually of paint. Also see polymer coating and undercoating.
cobble: To put something together in a rough or clumsy manner. This is usually done as a temporary measure until more permanent repairs can be made.
cobbled: The action of putting something together in a rough or clumsy manner. This is usually done as a temporary measure until more permanent repairs can be made.
cock: A tap or shut-off valve which controls the flow of liquid. Also see "fuel cock"
cockpit: The area, usually in racing cars, in which the driver sits and the instruments in front of him.
code hopping: A technology which prevents thieves with scanners from either picking up your encoded remote-control signal or from randomly firing numerous codes at your vehicle in order to stumble upon the one that will disarm your security system.
coefficient of drag: See drag coefficient.
coefficient of friction: A measurement of the amount of friction developed between two objects or surfaces in physical contact when one of the objects is drawn across the other. If a book were placed on a table and a measuring scale used to pull the book, the amount of weight or pull registered on the scale would be the coefficient of friction. This coefficient of friction is dependent upon both surfaces in contact. It is large if the surfaces are rough and small if they are smooth.
cog: Any toothed gear. A sprocket attached directly to the rear wheel hub on a single-speed bike and mounted on a freewheel on a multi-speed bike.
| cog belt: A toothed belt normally of fibreglass-reinforced rubber for driving the camshaft from the crankshaft. In cars, cog belts are primarily used with overhead camshafts but are sometimes used to drive pumps. | |
| coil: [1] Metal bands or strands of wire wrapped in a circular fashion. [2] A pulse-type transformer for increasing the voltage to fire the spark plugs. See exciter coil, field coil, ignition coil, and pick-up coil. thermostatic coil choke. | |
coil chimney: The top of the ignition coil where the high tension leads are attached.
coil ignition: The standard ignition system which uses an ignition coil which stores the power from the battery and steps it up. Then the high voltage is sent to the spark plugs.
coil lead: A British term for the high tension wire going from the coil to the distributor. In America, it is called the "coil wire."
| coil spring: A section of spring steel rod wound in a spiral pattern or shape. Widely used in both front and rear suspension systems. Like large metal bed springs, these coils cushion and absorb the shocks and bumps as the vehicle is driven. They are usually found near the front wheels, but some cars have them in the rear as well. Often the shock absorbers run up the center of the coil springs. | |
coil spring clutch: A clutch which has a ring of coil springs which hold the pressure plate in position.
coil spring compressor: See spring compressor
coil tower: The top of the ignition coil where the high tension leads are attached.
coil wire: The high tension wire going from the coil to the distributor or spark plug.
coin holder: A device which retains coins for easy access.
coked up: A British term for "carboned up" to indicate something covered in carbon.
cold air: Air that is below the prevailing ambient temperature.
cold air induction: The induction system forces cold air into the combustion chamber. Because cold air is more dense than warm air, it contains more oxygen molecules. With more oxygen, fuel will burn more effectively and thus increase horsepower.
cold cap: A process in retreading a tire where the tire is placed in a pressure chamber in a temperature range of 195°-212° until bonding of the pre-cured tread rubber is achieved. Also see hot cap.
cold-condensate corrosion: The corrosion of the inside of an exhaust system by direct chemical attack resulting from an acidic, aqueous solution that condenses from the exhaust gas at relatively low temperatures and collects at the cooler rear portions of the exhaust system.
cold cranking ability: A measurement in amps of a battery's ability to start a vehicle under cold temperatures. A higher number is better than a lower one. Basic automobile batteries begin around 400 cold-cranking amps (which is only marginally acceptable in most vehicles). The best batteries are around 1000 cold-cranking amps.
cold cranking amps: See cold cranking ability
cold galvanizing: The application of zinc to prevent rusting. It can be applied by a paint with lots of zinc or by electroplating with zinc.
cold plug: A spark plug which has a short insulator nose which absorbs less heat and dissipates heat quickly. A colder plug is used in a hot engine while a hot plug is used in a cold engine. Thus if the plugs are fouling too much, try a hotter plug. If the plugs are coming out white, try a colder plug. The ideal color of the center insulator nose should be a light chocolate brown.
cold spark plug: See cold plug.
cold spraying: A method of paint spraying where the paint is excessively diluted with solvent. This process makes spraying easy, but the coats are very light.
cold start: Getting a vehicle started which has been sitting for some time and cooled down to ambient temperature. When temperatures reach -40°, a vehicle may require three or four times as much battery power as it would during the summer. As well, the carburetor or fuel injection system needs to be much richer (more gasoline than air). Because condensation has a tendency to build up in the gas tank during the winter, the liquid going to the carburetor or fuel injectors may be diluted with water -- thus making starting more difficult. The application of isopropyl alcohol (marketed as "gasline antifreeze") removes the water from the tank.
cold starting: See cold start
cold start enrichment: A method of providing a higher ratio of fuel to air for starting a cold engine. In some cases, more fuel is fed into the engine with a cold start injector; in other cases, the amount of air is restricted through the use of a choke.
cold start injector: A device in a fuel injection system which shoots an extra amount of fuel into the cylinder to increase the ratio of fuel to air.
collapsed piston: A piston whose skirt diameter has been reduced due to heat and the forces imposed upon it during service in the engine. Also see piston collapse.
collapsible spare tire: A space-saver spare wheel.
collapsible steering column: When a vehicle is involved in an accident, the driver's chest is forced into the steering wheel. In older cars, the immovable steering column meant that the driver could sustain chest damage. The collapsible steering column telescopes or folds (articulate) so that chest damage is reduced.
collar: A sleeve that fits over a shaft.
collector car: An older car which may not fit into the category of a classic car or a milestone car, but it has nostalgic appeal.
collet: A removable ring or collar which fits into a groove to hold something in place.
collision insurance: Insurance coverage that pays to repair damages to your vehicle when it is involved in an accident.
color chart: A listing of paint samples of available exterior paint for a vehicle.
color coat: A coat of paint with the final color. Sometimes a clear coat is applied over it.
color-coded: [1] Something that is colored the same as the main part of the bodywork. Also called "color-keyed" or "color-matched." [2] A series of similar things in which each one is a different color to distinguish one from the other, such as the wiring (e.g., the red wire goes from the battery to the fuse box, the blue wire goes from ... to the ...).
color-keyed: See color-coded.
color-matched: See color-coded.
color scheme: The combination of exterior colors which harmonize, e.g., A maroon body and a white roof.
column: See steering column.
column changer: See column shifter
column gear changer: See column shifter
column shifter: A gear changer lever and mechanism which is located on the steering column below the steering wheel. In Britain it is called a "column changer" or "column gear changer."
combination: A vehicle like a motorcycle and sidecar or a tractor and trailer.
combination pliers: A British term for a Lineman's pliers or slip-joint pliers
combination spanner: A British term for combination wrench
combination wrench: A flat wrench with a hex ring at one end and an open end at the other.
combination valve: A pressure-regulating valve in braking systems incorporating a failure warning switch and comprising two or more of the following valves: pressure-differential valve, metering valve, and proportioning valve.
combustion: The intense burning of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. Some used to think that the fuel-air mixture exploded; but further investigation has shown that it rapidly burns. See combustion chamber, combustion chamber volume, combustion space, compression ignition, external combustion engine, internal combustion engine controlled combustion system, hemispherical combustion chamber, internal combustion chamber, pre-combustion chamber, wedge combustion chamber.
| combustion chamber: The volume of the space in the cylinder above the piston with the piston at top dead center (TDC) in the compression stroke. The head of the piston, the cylinder walls, and the head form the chamber. Combustion of the fuel-air mixture begins here when ignited by a spark plug. The design and shape of the combustion chamber can affect power, fuel efficiency, and emissions of an engine. Also see hemispherical combustion chamber and wedge combustion chamber. | |
combustion chamber recess: The area where combustion occurs in a rotary piston engine
combustion chamber volume: volume of combustion chamber (space above piston with piston on TDC) measured in cc (cubic centimetres).
combustion pressure: The pressure created during the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder, measured in pounds per square inch.
combustion residue: Carbon and other deposits resulting from combustion.
combustion space: See combustion chamber.
CO meter: A device for checking exhaust gases for carbon monoxide, a high level indicates an over-rich mixture as well as causing pollution.
Comet head: A cylinder head with a swirl chamber for indirect injection diesel engines.
Comfort: A designation of some automobiles as a basic or standard line usually abbreviated as "C"
Comfort Luxe: An automobile designation (abbreviated as CL) which has more luxury appointments than a "Comfort" but less than a Grand Luxe (GL).
commercial tire: A tire which is designed for truck and industrial use.
commercial vehicle: A vehicle (like a truck or bus) used for carrying goods or large numbers of passengers for money.
commutator: A series or ring of copper bars that are connected to the armature windings. The bars are insulated from each other and from the armature. The brushes (as in the generator or starter) rub against the whirling commutator.
compact: See compact car
compact car: A designation no longer used because even "full-size cars" are now about the size of what was the compact car. In 1970, for instance, a Chevrolet Impala was a full-size car, a Chevelle was an intermediate, a Nova was a compact. When cars smaller than the Nova came out (i.e., Chevette), they were called sub-compacts.
company logo: An emblem which represents all or part of a company's trademark.
compass: An instrument with a magnetic needle which is mounted on the dash to give the driver an idea of where magnetic north might be.
compensating bar: See compensator
| compensating jet: A fuel tube or pipe in the carburetor, into which air is admitted through one or more holes to compensate for a tendency of the main nozzle to deliver too rich a mixture as the air velocity through the carburetor increases. Also called "air bleed." | |
compensating port: A small hole in a brake master cylinder to permit fluid to return to the reservoir.
compensator: A horizontal bar which is pulled forward when the parkbrake is applied at its central point, which is pivoted, while it is connected at each end to the parkbrake cable, enabling equal force to be exerted on each rear brake.
compensator valve: A valve in automatic transmissions designed to increase the pressure on the brake band during heavy acceleration.
competition car: A vehicle which is designed to compete in races, hill climbs, and rallies.
compliance: A slight resiliency, or "give," designed into suspension bushings to help absorb bumps. Good compliance allows the wheels to move toward the rear a little as they hit bumps but does not allow them to move laterally (sideways) during cornering.
component: [1] One of the parts that make up the whole system or device, as in The brake pad is a component of the brake system. [2] A raw material, ingredient, part or subassembly that goes into a higher level assembly, compound, or other item.
component assembly: A combination of two or more parts or sub-components to form an assembly.
component design: the activity for the design of specific components including responsibility for material, cost, weight, reliability, durability, function, appearance, and serviceability.
components: The various parts that make up the whole system or device.
component sharing: The use of the same basic parts used in different models -- even in models from different manufacturers.
composite: Any material that consists of two or more substances where one or more of them are high strength fibers and another is an adhesive binder. The most common composite is fiberglass, which consists of thin glass fibers bonded together in a plastic matrix. The structural properties of composites can be altered by controlling the orientation and configuration of the high-strength components.
composite headlight: A headlight system which is unlike the sealed beam headlight. When the bulb fails, you can replace just the bulb, not the whole unit. Because the lens is contoured to the shape of the vehicle, there are many different shapes. Thus each lens is low production and can be very costly to replace.
composite propeller shaft: A single-piece propeller shaft made of fibre-reinforced epoxy in which the fibres are usually glass and/or carbon.
compound: [1] Two or more ingredients mixed together. [2] An abrasive paste or liquid that smooths and polishes the painted surface. Also see rubbing compound.
compound carburetor: A carburetor with more than one choke. Usually there are two: one for the large throttle opening and one for the small throttle opening, but they fit to a single port
compound center electrode: Also called compound electrode
compound electrode: A spark plug with a copper core and a jacket of a nickel-based alloy.
compound glass: See laminated glass
compound motor: A direct current electric motor with two separate field windings, one in parallel and the other in series with the armature circuit; used as a starter motor
comprehensive insurance: Insurance coverage that pays for damages to your car, its accessories, spare parts against loss or damage caused by an accidental collision, fire, theft, vandalism, typhoon, earthquake, and flooding. It will also pay expenses to have the disabled vehicle towed to the repair shop and expenses to return the vehicle back to you when the repairs are completed. It also covers for the death and bodily injury of the insured or driver; loss or damage to someone else's property as a result of the accident; legal liabilities to the death or bodily injury of the third party arising from the accident; legal liabilities to the damage to property of the third party arising from the accident; loss or damage to the property of the spouse(s) or the child(ren) of the insured or driver; and medical expenses of the insured or driver's injury caused by the accident.
compress: To place under pressure or to squeeze into a small space
compressed-air spray gun: A paint gun which makes a fine spray of paint for coating the surface.
compressed natural gas: Abbreviated CNG. See natural gas
compression: [1] Applying pressure to a spring, or any springy substance, thus causing it to reduce its length in the direction of the compressing force. [2] Applying pressure to a gas, thus causing a reduction in volume. [3] One of the essential factors in a internal combustion engine (fuel, air, proper proportion of mixture, compression, timing, spark). It is the squeezing of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine or the squeezing of the air in a diesel engine. Compression makes the process of combustion more effective and increases engine efficiency. Also see primary compression and secondary compression.
compression check: Testing the compression in all the cylinders at cranking speed. All plugs are removed, the compression gauge placed in one plug hole, the throttle cracked wide open and the engine cranked until the gauge no longer climbs. The compression check is a good way in which to determine the condition of the valves, rings, and cylinders.
compression gage: See compression gauge.
compression gauge: A gauge used to test the compression in the cylinders. A poor compression reading can indicate that there is leakage through the valves or the piston rings. In two stroke engines, it could indicate that there is poor primary compression because of a leak in the crankshaft seals.
compression ignition: combustion of a fuel-air mixture without spark. In the diesel engine, air is drawn into the cylinder and compressed to a temperature sufficiently high that fuel oil injected at the end of the compression stroke burns in the cylinder without a spark to initiate combustion. A prank played on new employees is to send them on a search for the spark plugs for a diesel engine -- they don't exist.
compression leakage: In an engine, when some gases escape past the piston because the rings or cylinder walls are worn, the compression is reduced so that there is less efficiency.
compression ratio: When the piston is at the bottom of its travel (BDC), the volume of cylinder is measured (suppose the volume is X). Then the piston is placed at the top of its travel (TDC) and the volume of the cylinder is measured (suppose this volume is Y). The compression ratio is a comparison of these two values expressed as X:Y. Then the values are mathematically changed so that the second number is always 1. Thus you hear of ratios like 10.5:1 or 9.5:1 or 8:1. The higher the compression ratio, the more mechanical energy an engine can squeeze from its air-fuel mixture. Higher compression ratios, however, also make detonation more likely.
compression ring: A ring which surrounds the piston and fits in a grove in the piston. It is designed to seal the burning fuel charge above the piston. Generally there are two compression rings per piston and they are located in the two top ring grooves. They also help to transfer heat from the piston into the cylinder walls and subsequently to the water jacket surrounding the cylinder.
compression spring: An open-coil, helical spring that offers resistance to a compressive form.
| compression stroke: The second stroke of the four-stroke cycle, in which the piston moves upward from bottom dead center to top dead center, compressing the fuel-air mixture. | |
compression tester: A device which is screwed or pushed into the spark plug hole so that when the engine is turned over, it measures the amount of compression in that cylinder.
compressor: [1] A mechanism in a refrigerator or air conditioner that pumps vaporized refrigerant out of the evaporator, compresses it to a relatively high pressure and then delivers it to the condenser. [2] A tool for compressing a coil spring, such as a valve spring
compressor impeller: An impeller of a turbocharger driven by the turbine at speeds up to 160,000 rpm, which accelerates by centrifugal force the charge air which enter axially and leaves radially at a very high velocity.
Comprex supercharger: A supercharger using the pressure waves created by the expanding exhaust gases to compress the inlet charge. Also called "pressure wave supercharger."
computer: A device which calculates information and sends the results to a specific destination. In automobiles, computers are used to regulate fuel flow, control the air conditioner, display speed, time, ETA, etc.
computer-aided: Something which has been helped or designed by a computer.
computer brake control: See anti-skid.
computer-controlled: Something which is monitored by a computer
concave weld face: A weld having the center of its face below the weld edges
concealed headlights: Headlight which (when not lit) are hidden behind a panel. When the headlight switch is turned on vacuum is applied to a controller which opens the panel exposing the light. Also called "hide-away headlights" or "pop-up headlights."
concentric: Two or more circles so placed as to share a common center.
concept car: A vehicle that is not currently in production, but is still in the design stage. Some are merely paper drawings, but others are clay mock-ups. The ideas in the concept cars sometimes appears in production models. Also see prototype
concept vehicle: a current production vehicle modified for installation of new design concepts for evaluation of environmental functional feasibility.
concho: A chrome trim disk for saddlebags and leathers.
concours: Also called "concours d'elegance." This is the term used to describe a show where cars in superb condition are judged against a standard of excellence established by the sponsors, with awards given to winners. Show cars compete in a concours.
concours d'elegance: See concours.
cond: Abbreviation for "condition," as in excellent cond.
condensation: Moisture, from the air, deposited on a cool surface. The reverse of evaporation.
condense: Turning a vapor back into a liquid.
condenser: [1] A small metal cylinder which is usually located in the distributor. It is installed between the breaker points and coil to prevent arcing at the breaker points by absorbing or storing the excess current. A condenser (also called a "capacitor") has the ability to absorb and retain surges of electricity. It is constructed of two metal plates separated by an insulator. [2] The unit in an air conditioning system that cools the hot compressed refrigerant and turns it from a vapor into a liquid. It is the opposite of an evaporator. Also see steam engine.
condition: See air conditioner, cherry condition, conditioner, mint condition, and original condition.
conditioner: See air conditioner.
conduction: The transfer of heat from one object to another by having the objects in physical contact.
conductive: The ability of something to conduct electricity.
conductivity: The ability of something to conduct electricity. Opposite of resistivity.
conductor: A material forming a path for the flow of current, such as silver, copper, and carbon. Also see semiconductor
cone: [1] A bearing race that curves to the inside of a circle of ball bearings and works in conjunction with a cup. [2] In welding, it is the inner visible flame shape of a neutral or near neutral flame
cone clutch: A clutch using a cone-shaped member that is forced into a cone-shaped depression in the flywheel, or other driving unit, thus locking the two together, although no longer used on cars, the cone clutch finds some applications in small riding tractors, heavy power mowers, etc.
configuration: The particular arrangement of the parts in relation to each other.
conformation: The ability of a precision insert bearing to match the shape and contour of a shaft surface even after it has been in use for some time.
conical: something in the shape of a cone. It is usually tapered.
conical seat: A circular, tapered place that something rests. For instance, a spark plug may fit into a tapered hole.
connecting rod: The connecting link or arm between the piston and the crankshaft. It converts the up-and-down (reciprocating) motion of the piston into the circular (rotary) motion of the spinning crankshaft. Often called "con rod." Also see big-end bearing, boxed rod, and throwing a rod.
connecting rod bearing: A precision insert bearing. Also called "big end bearing"
connecting rod shank: A longitudinal part of the connecting rod
connection: the joining of two or more parts which generally conduct electricity
connector: A device which joins two items. See adapter and cell connector.
con rod: See connecting rod.
con rod bearing: See connecting rod bearing.
console: A small storage space or fascia between the two front seats in a car with bucket seats. Often it houses the shifter, some instruments, coffee holders, coin holders, etc.
constantan: An alloy made of nickel and copper which is used in resistance wire and in thermocouplers.
constant depression: See air-valve carburetor.
constant-depression: See air-valve carburetor.
constant mesh gearbox: A type of transmission in which all or most of the gears are always in mesh with one another, as opposed to a sliding-gear transmission, in which engagement is obtained by sliding some of the gears along a shaft into mesh. In a constant-mesh manual gearbox, gear ratios are selected by small clutches that connect the various gearsets to their shafts so that power is transmitted through them. Also see sliding mesh gearbox
constant mesh gear: One of the gears that is always in mesh with another -- whether it is driving or not (i.e., just idling).
constant mesh gears: Gears that are always in mesh with each other -- whether it is driving or not (i.e., just idling).
constant vacuum: See air-valve carburetor.
constant-vacuum: See air-valve carburetor.
| constant velocity joint: (CV joint) A type of universal joint so designed as to create a smooth transfer of torque from the driven shaft to the driving shaft without any fluctuations in the speed of the driven shaft. | |
constant velocity universal joint: See constant velocity joint.
constant volume sampling: See constant-volume sampling.
constant-volume sampling: An exhaust-emissions measuring technique in which the exhaust gases produced by a vehicle's engine are collected as it is driven through a test sequence of accelerations, decelerations, and cruise modes on a chassis dynamometer. A quantity of air is added to the exhaust gases until a specific volume (the same for all cars) is obtained. Concentrations of pollutants in the total sample are then analyzed for determination of their actual mass.
consumer factors: demographic characteristics of consumers including age, gender, income and geographic location, affordability.
consumption: The act of using up an amount of fuel. Actually the fuel is joined with air and merely changed into other substances (Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, etc. and energy).
contact: [1] The touching of two or more parts. [2] The parts that actually touch each other when making electrical connection whether permanently or intermittently
contact area: The part of the tire that actually touches the ground at any particular moment.
contact arm: The movable segment of the points which is moved by the lobe of the distributor.
contact bounce: The rapid movement of the breaker arm as it opens and closes
contact breaker: See breaker points.
contact breaker gap: The distance between the contact points at their furthest opening.
contact breaker plate: The plate on which the breaker points are mounted. When adjusting the points, the plate and the points are moved apart in relation to each other.
contact breaker point: The individual contact of the breaker points.
contact cement: See cement.
contact chatter: The rapid movement of the breaker arm as it opens and closes
contact controlled electronic ignition: See electronic ignition system.
contact gap: See point gap.
contactless electronic ignition: See breakerless transistorized ignition
contactless ignition: See breakerless.
contact patch: The area of a tire's tread that touches the ground.
contact pattern: The visible wear pattern created by two parts which touch each other
contact point: See contact points.
contact points: Two movable points or areas that when pressed together, complete a circuit. These points are usually made of tungsten, platinum, or silver. Also see breaker points.
contact set: Replacement parts consisting of breaker points and possibly breaker plate and condenser.
contact spring: A spring which pushes on a contact which holds something in place and maintains contact.
containerization: A shipping system where cargo is loaded into a large container at the factory and shipped from truck to train to ship, etc. without rehandling of contents within the container.
contaminant: Some impurity in gasoline or oil or anything else.
Continental: The 1956-57 Mark II models are milestone cars.
continental tire: The bulge in the rear portion of the trunk which resembles a tire or a rear mounted tire.
Continental-type fuse: A ceramic fuse with conical end caps. They are color coded for different values.
Continuous AC Ignition System: Abbreviated CACIS. An ignition system where a high-energy alternating current arc burns for the entire power stroke. In this system, the spark plugs don't erode as quickly and the air/fuel mixture is more completely burned. Thus there is no need for a catalytic converter.
continuous injection system: Abbreviated CIS. A mechanical fuel injection system giving a constant supply of fuel. Also see K-jetronic
continuously variable transmission: Abbreviated CVT. See infinitely variable transmission.
continuous weld: Completing a weld in one operation
Conti tire system: Abbreviated CTS. A run flat tire and wheel combination which allows the tire to be run for up to 400 km (250 miles) at a speed of up to 80 kph (50 mph)
contract carrier: A shipping company which is transporting goods because of a contract with another shipping company.
contraction: A thermal action where the size of an object is reduced when cooled; the opposite of expansion.
contre pente: Abbreviated CP. A French designed wheel where the raised portion of one of the rim bead seat is designed to hold the tire bead of a nearly flat tire without breaking the bead (i.e., becoming unseated). Also see outboard contre pente
contre pente on both bead seats: Abbreviated CP2. A safety rim contour with a contre pente on both rim bead seats
control: [1] A device or mechanism for adjusting a component. See cruise control. [2] The ability of the driver to make a vehicle perform as required. [3] To regulate.
control arm: A metal strut on the suspension which is located at the top and bottom of the wheel spindle. The upper and lower control arms allow the front wheels to change direction. Also called a "wishbone" or "A-arm." See suspension system.
control arms: See control arm.
control box: A container which houses electrical components which regulate the action of something.
control cable: A wire cable which runs from a knob or lever to a device which operates or regulates. Also called a "control wire."
controlled burn rate: See CBR process
controlled combustion system: An emission control term used by General Motors to include the following:
controlled vehicle: A vehicle with a reduced emission system consisting of a catalytic converter, EGR, air injection, fuel evaporative emission control, etc. Also called a "detoxed vehicle."
control plunger: A device in a fuel injection system which moves up and down to provide the correct amount of fuel to each cylinder
control pressure: [1] The pressure in a fuel injection system. [2] the pressure coming from line pressure or throttle pressure in the automatic transmission which pushes on the command valves
control ring: See oil control ring.
control stalk: A shaft which projects from the steering column just below the steering wheel. It may control lights, cruise control, wipers, windshield washer, signal lights, horn, etc.
control unit: See electronic control unit
control valve: A valve which regulates or operates a system, especially a hydraulic or vacuum control system
control valve assembly: A casting located in the sump of the automatic transmission. It contains most of the valves for the hydraulic control system.
control wire: A wire cable which runs from a knob or lever to a device which operates or regulates. Also called a "control cable."
controlled combustion system: (CCS) A system of reducing unburned hydrocarbon emission from the engine exhaust.
conv: Abbreviation for "convertible."
convection: The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object heats the surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.
conventional cross ply: A tire having two or more carcass plies arranged in a criss-cross manner and diagonally to the beads and travels approximately 1/3 the distance around the circumference before attaching to the other bead. Each cord in the next ply is arranged in the same manner, but in the opposite direction.
conventional ignition: The transfer of heat from one object to another when the hotter object heats the surrounding air and the air in turn heats the other object.
conventional ignition system: An ignition system consisting of the battery, ignition switch, ballast resistor, ignition coil, distributor, contact breaker points, condenser, centrifugal or vacuum advance unit, spark plugs, and high tension wires.
conventional spare tire: A spare tire & rim which is the same size as the other four wheels. Most cars do not have them because they take up too much space in the trunk.
conventional tire: A bias ply tire.
conversion: [1] The change from one state to another, e.g., harmful gases into harmless gases. [2] altered state of a particular system, or set of parts needed to achieve it. Also see manual choke conversion
conversion coating: A coating of some metal which uses the same kind of metal in the coating compound
conversion rate: The rate at which a given catalytic converter purifies the exhaust gas stream, governed by various parameters such as operating conditions and converter design
converter: [1] When used with LPG (propane), it is a device which turns LPG (propane) from liquid to vapor for use in the engine. [2] Referring to a transmission it is the device that transfers engine torque to the transmission. See catalytic converter and torque converter.
converter case: An assembly in the automatic transmission encasing the impeller with the converter cover welded to it. It contains the converter fluid and vane wheels and connected to the crankshaft by means of the drive plate and revolving at engine speed.
converter, catalytic: See catalytic converter and three-way catalytic converter.
converter cover: A part in the automatic transmission that is welded to the pump and makes up the converter case
converter housing: [1] A stationary outer part of the automatic transmission which encloses the converter case. [2] The housing of a catalytic converter. Also called "converter shell"
converter preheating: An emission control device which increases catalytic action in cold starts when HC and CO are their highest. Although not in use in current cars, it may become necessary in the future. Thus it may mean the following: Take longer to start a vehicle in the morning, require a larger battery, necessitate plugging a vehicle into household circuit, need for frequent replacement of the catalytic converter. Also see preheating.
converter shell: See the second definition of converter housing
convertible: Generally this is a two-door automobile without a fixed roof. Instead, the roof folds up or is removed in some way so that the passenger compartment is exposed to the open air. Some roofs are made of flexible fabric or plastic which folds up behind the passenger compartment. Other roofs are not flexible and retract into the trunk. Some retract automatically while others must be manually removed and placed in the trunk. The term was introduced in the 1930s. In the 1950s, a hardtop convertible was introduced to look like a convertible with its top up; but its fixed roof did not fold or retract. It was also called a "drophead coupé" or "open car."
convertible sedan: This is similar to the sedan body type, but with provisions of lowering both the all-weather side windows and the fabric top to create a four-door convertible.
convertible top: The soft foldable canvas or vinyl top of a convertible. It usually has a clear plastic rear window.
convex weld: A weld with the face above the eld edges
coolant: Liquid in the cooling system. Usually a mixture of water and antifreeze (ethylene glycol). This mixture lowers the freezing point of the water in the cooling system, prevents rust and corrosion, lubricates the water pump, and picks up heat from the engine and transfers it to the air passing through the radiator.
coolant level warning light: A small light on the dash which is illuminated when the radiator is low on coolant
coolant pump: See water pump
coolant recovery system: A small bottle that acts as a reservoir for liquid expelled from the cooling system through the overflow pipe and returns the liquid to the system when it cools down. A special radiator pressure cap is also part of the kit. It is also called a "Closed Cooling System" when it is part of the original equipment.
coolant temperature sensor: A sensor located at the bottom of the radiator which is connected to the temperature gauge.
cooler: A device for cooling hot liquid or air by passing air through the vanes of a heat sink. See oil cooler.
cooling fan: [1] A large fan designed to suck relatively cool air and force it onto a warm object like an engine. [2] A large fan designed to pull away the radiant warm air surrounding a hot object.
cooling fins: The greater the surface area that needs to be cooled, the better you will be able to cool off a hot object, like an engine. By putting a number of fins on a surface, you increase the overall area. On air cooled engines, for instance, you will see a series of closely formed ridges or fins in parallel. As the air passes by them, the engine heat is dissipated.
cooling jacket: See water jacket
cooling system: The system that removes heat from the engine. In a water-cooled engine it includes radiator, pressure cap, fan, water pump, thermostat, and water jackets; in an air-cooled engine it consists of a fan, cooling fins, and ducting.
copolymer: A polymer produced from two different monomers
copper core: The center electrode of a spark plug or the center wires of a high tension wire which is made of copper.
copper-faced hammer: A hammer with a round head made of copper or brass. It is used to hit objects without damaging them where hitting them with a steel hammer might.
copper plating: The application of a thin layer of copper by a process of electrolysis. Primarily it is done to electrical contacts and terminals to give excellent conduction of electricity.
Cord: [1] The 1925-1948 model cars are classic cars. [2] A strand of fabric or steel cable used in the ply of a tire.
cordura: The brand name for a heavy-duty, synthetic material made by DuPont that feels like canvas. It is often used in the manufacture of lightweight clothing, backpacks, and camping gear.
core: [1] When referring to casting -- a sand unit placed inside of a mold so that when the metal is poured, the core will leave a hollow shape. [2] The magnetic center of a coil usually made of iron. [3] The primary part (engine block, alternator, starter, radiator, etc.) which has malfunctioned, but is still suitable for rebuilding or remanufacturing. You can exchange it for a new or rebuilt part. Thus, instead of paying full price for a new alternator, you can submit your old alternator as a core and pay a lower amount for the new alternator. "Core" is an acronym for "cash on return."
core charge: The word "core" is short for "cash on return." When you purchase a part which is rebuildable, you can return your old part and receive a core charge. Generally a core charge is collected for engines, crankshafts, alternators, radiators, and brake shoes. If the part is beyond repair, there may be no core charge.
core hole plug: See core plug.
core hole plugs: See core plug.
core plug: A metal plug located in the sides of the engine block which can pop out because of excessive pressure or freezing and prevent the engine block from cracking. These plugs are located in the water jacket and can sometimes leak and should then be replaced. Block heaters are installed by removing a core plug and inserting a heating element. Core plugs are also called "freeze plugs" or "expansion plugs."
core plugs: See core plug.
corncob: A bicycle term used to describe a cluster of cogs on a racing freewheel because of the small variation in number of teeth on adjacent cogs.
cornering: The negotiation of a curve, bend, or corner of a road. Good cornering ability allows the vehicle to go around a curve at a reasonable speed without body roll and breakaway.
cornering force: The forces exerted on a tire by the slip angle when moving around a curve. See ultimate cornering force.
cornering limit: The maximum speed that a vehicle can travel around a particular curve.
cornering speed: The speed that a vehicle makes when turning. It is relative to the sharpness of the curve and the ability of the vehicle to stay on the road under control.
corner joint: A junction formed by edges of two pieces of metal touching each other at an angle of about 90°
corner panel: A panel used to fill a gap between larger panels or frame members meeting at an angle and to serve as a stiffener, such as those at the intersection of sidemembers and crossmembers and the rear corner panels of rear wings.
corner steady: A British term for a jack stand used to support and level the corner of a parked travel trailer.
corporate Average Fuel Economy: (CAFE) Regulation enacted in 1975 which requires a motor vehicle manufacturer to classify its U.S. vehicle fleet sales as either domestic or import for the purpose of fuel economy averaging.
corrode: To eat away, gradually, the surface material from an object by chemical action, such as rust.
corrosion: The chemical process in which a metal is eaten away (i.e., rusting)
corrosion control: The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide, or similar substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal passive.
corrosion inhibitor: A substance which reduces or prevents corrosion in oils, anti-freeze, paints, etc.
corrosion prevention: The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide, or similar substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal passive.
corrosion product: A substance formed as a result of corrosion (i.e., the rust itself)
corrosion protection: The minimizing of corrosion by coating with a protective metal, an oxide, or similar substance, or with protective paint, or by making the metal passive.
corrosion resistance: The ability of metal not to corrode. For example, nickel has a high corrosion resistance while iron does not.
corrosion warranty: See anti-corrosion warranty
corrosive: Causing corrosion, e.g., acid is corrosive because it eats away the substance on which it is applied. That's why acid rain is so harmful to the surface of automobiles.
Corvair: The 1960-64 Monza models are milestone cars. The 1962-64 Monza Spyder models are milestone cars. The 1965-69 Monza/Corsa models are milestone cars.
Corvette: The 1953-70 models are milestone cars. See also a history of the Corvette.
cost: The price that a shop charges for a vehicle or one of its components. To the shop, it is the price they pay for the component (i.e., the net price) to which they add an amount or percentage to arrive at the selling price.
cost-effective: worthwhile. Usually a determination of whether repairing a vehicle is worth the expense in comparison with junking or selling it in favor of purchasing a newer vehicle. If you spend a $1000 to repair a vehicle worth $20,000, that is cost effective. If you spend a $1000 to repair a vehicle worth $200, it probably is not. The exception would be a vehicle which has nostalgic or historic value.
cost of production: actual cost to the manufacturer of producing a vehicle (does not include mark-up).
cost option: An optional item for a new vehicle for which extra money must be paid to obtain it.
cost per kilometer: A ratio which is obtained by dividing the total cost of the tire by the distance the tire has gone. The total cost involves adding up the initial price of the tire, price of retreading, repairs, rotation of tires, balancing tires, and other services. From this total any credits such as warranty, rebates, and trade-in value is subtracted. It must be remembered that when calculating the cost per kilometer of summer tires if winter tires were installed for a few months that only the number of kilometers that the summer tires were actually in use should be determined for this ratio. When purchasing tires, it may be helpful to divide the retail cost by the number of expected kilometers in order to compare one brand or one series against another.
cost per mile: A ratio which is obtained by dividing the total cost of the tire by the distance the tire has gone. The total cost involves adding up the initial price of the tire, price of retreading, repairs, rotation of tires, balancing tires, and other services. From this total any credits such as warranty, rebates, and trade-in value is subtracted. It must be remembered that when calculating the cost per mile of summer tires if winter tires were installed for a few months that only the number of miles that the summer tires were actually in use should be determined for this ratio. When purchasing tires, it may be helpful to divide the retail cost by the number of expected miles in order to compare one brand or one series against another.
Cotal gearbox: A semi-automatic electrically controlled transmission made in France just after WWII
cotter: A tapered pin or wedge which is inserted into holes in two parts to secure them. Older bicycles used a cotter to secure the crank arm to the crank spindle. See cottered crank.
cotter pin: A fastener shaped like a pin, but split up the center. After it is inserted, the legs are bent around the item containing the hole. A length of wire which is folded almost in half and the bend forms an eye. Also called a "split pin."
cottered crank: A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of threaded cotter pins and nuts.
cotterless crank: A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of nuts or bolts instead of cotter pins.
cotterless crankset: A bicycle crankset in which the crankarms are fastened to the axle by means of nuts or bolts instead of cotter pins.
coulomb: Abbreviated: C. A unit of electric charge. It is the amount of electricity conveyed in one second by a current of one ampere.
counter gear: See cluster gear.
counter balance: A weight attached to some moving part so that the part will be in balance. Also see crankshaft counter-balance.
counterbore: Enlarging a hole to a certain depth.
counterclockwise: Rotation to the left as if the hands of a clock were going backwards. In most cases it is the direction to remove a nut from a bolt. It is the opposite to clockwise.
countershaft: The shaft in a manual gearbox that carries power by means of gears from the clutch shaft to the driveshaft, turning opposite to them. The British term is "layshaft"
countersink: To make a counterbore so that the head of a screw may set flush, or below the surface.
countersunk bolt: A bolt with a special head. The underside of the head is tapered to fit into a hole that has tapered sides (countersunk hole) so that when the bolt is screwed in all the way, the top of the bolt is flush with the surface
countersunk hole: A hole with sloping sides where the top of the hole is larger than the bottom of the hole as in the shape of the letter "V"
countersunk screw: A screw with a special head. The underside of the head is tapered to fit into a hole that has tapered sides (countersunk hole) so that when the screw is screwed in all the way, the top of the screw is flush with the surface
| counterweight: [1] Weight added to a rotating shaft or wheel to balance normal loads on the part and offset vibration. Counterweights are used on the crankshaft and are often found on the flywheel and driveshaft. | |
| [2] A balance weight |
coupe: An enclosed single-compartment body with two doors and varying passenger capacity depending on seat arrangements. The SAE standard J1100 defines it as having less than 33 cubic feet (934 liters) of interior volume. Larger coupes have rear quarter windows. Coupes have fixed permanent back panels and top, as well as a luggage compartment in the rear deck. Originally it meant a vehicle which was "cut" (thus the French "coupé") by a glass partition behind the front seats so that the driver was exposed to the air while those in the back were enclosed. Also see sport coupé.
coupé: See coupe
coupler: A device which links two other components.
coupling: A connecting device used between two objects so motion of one will be imparted to the other; it may be mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical. Also see fluid coupling.
coupling point: This refers to the point at which both the pump and the turbine in a torque converter are travelling at the same speed, the drive is almost direct at this point.
coupling sleeve: A collar or sleeve which is moved along the main shaft of a transmission by a selector fork engaging in a groove on its center and having dog clutches at either end.
courier bag: A flat rectangular-shaped bag with a long strap. They are slung over the head and one shoulder. Called a courier bag because they were originally made for motorcycle and bicycle couriers.
courtesy light: A light in the cab of a vehicle which is illuminated when the door is opened.
cover: [1] A protective panel designed to protect or hide components. See tonneau cover and valve cover. [2] The tire itself as opposed to the inner tube.
covered electrode: A metal rod used in arc welding which has a covering of materials to aid in the arc welding process
cowl: [1] The part of the vehicle body between the engine firewall and the front of the dash panel. It usually houses the instruments and the plenum chamber for the heater-ventilation system. The British term is "scuttle." [2] The part of the bodywork which protects and/or provides streamlining for a usually projecting component.
cowl chassis: A truck chassis with front fenders and hood as well as the instrument panel. It is used for companies want their own custom body and cab.
cowling: The part of the bodywork which protects and/or provides streamlining for a usually projecting component.
cowl shake: This is a vibration or shake of a vehicle, usually a convertible type, in the cowl area due to lack of torsional rigidity of the frame and body. A certain amount is almost unavoidable in convertibles unless frame-strengthening weight penalties are of no concern.
cowling: A protective covering over a component.
CP: Acronym for contre pente
CP2: Acronym for contre pente on both bead seats
cpe: Abbreviation for "coupe."
C pillar: See C-post.
C-pillar: The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and right sides of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-post."
C post: See C-post.
C-post: The body post that supports the rear of the roof and to which the left and right sides of the back glass are attached. Also called "C-pillar."
CR: Acronym for "compression ratio."
crab: The action of a vehicle where the rear wheels are offset from the track of the front wheels.
crab-tracked: A situation where the front wheels are wider apart than the rear.
crack: [1] A fracture in something which does not split it open. A hairline crack is a very narrow fracture which is often barely visible with the naked eye. [2] To open something just a little.
cracker: A non-American colloquial term for something that is very enjoyable, e.g., "My car's a cracker."
cracking: [1] forming of cracks for instance in the sidewalls of a tire because of the hardening of the rubber or in paintwork because of weathering. [2] The action of opening a valve slightly and then closing the valve immediately.
cracking groove: A split in the grooves of the tread caused by excessive strain.
cracking tread: A split in the grooves of the tread caused by excessive strain.
crank: [1] An arm set at right angles to a shaft or axle, used for converting reciprocal (to-and-fro) motion into circular motion. Also see flat crank. [2] The action of trying to start a vehicle engine or an electrical motor by means of a crank handle or by an electrical starter.
crankarm: [1] A part, one end of which is attached to the bottom bracket axle and the other holds a pedal, whose forward rotation provides the leverage needed to power the bicycle. [2] An arm set at right angles to a shaft or axle, used for converting reciprocal (to-and-fro) motion into circular motion.
crankarm fixing bolt: The bolt that holds a crankarm on the end of the axle in a cotterless crankset of a bicycle.
crankcase: The lower part of the engine that surrounds the crankshaft. It contains the crankshaft, piston cylinders, connecting rods and other moving parts of the engine. As well, in non-air-cooled engines, it has a number of internal passages for the coolant and oil transfer. In air-cooled engines, it has internal passages for oil transfer; but usually it has fins on the exterior to dissipate the heat. The crankcase is not to be confused with the pan which is a thin steel cover that is bolted to the bottom of the crankcase.
crankcase breather: A vent which allows fumes and blow-by gases to escape. It reduces condensation. This breather is usually connected to the air intake of the carburetor so that the fumes can be burned in the combustion chamber
crankcase compression: The primary compression in a two-stroke engine located below the pistons and enables a more fresh charge to be fed into the cylinder. Also called "crankcase pre-compression."
crankcase dilution: An accumulation of unburned gasoline in the crankcase, an excessively rich fuel mixture or poor combustion will allow a certain amount of gasoline to pass down between the pistons and cylinder walls and dilute the engine oil.
crankcase emissions: Pollutants allowed to escape into the atmosphere from the crankcase
crankcase half: One side of a crankcase usually split down the middle. Usually found in motorcycle engine.
crankcase pre-compression: See crankcase compression
crankcase scavenging: A system in a two-stroke engine where the fresh charge is induced into the cylinder by way of the crankcase and the transfer ports
crankcase ventilation: circulation of air through the crankcase of a running engine to remove water, blow-by, and other gases in order to prevent oil dilution and contamination, sludge formation, and pressure build-up
cranked: something which has an elbow or right-angle shape.
cranking: The act of engaging the starter by turning the key in the ignition switch which makes the engine turn over. In the old days, a hand crank was used to do this, thus the term "cranking."
cranking circuit: See starting system.
cranking motor: See starter.
cranking On The Throttle: The action of moving a twist grip so that more fuel enters the engine and thus increases the speed of the vehicle.
cranking speed: The speed at which the starter turns the engine.
crankpin: The bearing surface on a crank of the crankshaft to which the connecting rod is attached. Also called the "journal" or "crank throw."
crankset: A group of components on a bicycle that includes the bottom bracket removable parts, two crankarms, and one or more chainrings.
| crankshaft: A main rotating shaft running the length of the engine. The crankshaft is supported by main bearings. Portions of the shaft are offset to form throws to which the connecting rods are attached. As the pistons move up and down, the connecting rods move the crankshaft around. The turning motion of the crankshaft is transmitted to the transmission and eventually to the driving wheels. Also see stroked crankshaft. | |
crankshaft counter-balance: A series of weights attached to or forged integrally with the crankshaft so placed as to offset the reciprocating weight of each piston and rod assembly.
crankshaft gear: A gear mounted on the front of the crankshaft. It is used to drive the camshaft gear.
crankshaft journal: The journals running in the main bearings as opposed to those for the big-end bearings.
crankshaft position sensor: A sensor which sends information concerning the precise position of the crankshaft so that accurate ignition timing can be achieved.
crankshaft pulley: A wheel attached to the front end of the crankshaft which is connected by fan belts to the fan, the alternator, and other devices so that the rotating crankshaft can drive these other parts as well. The crankshaft pulley usually has timing marks located on it, and these are necessary for checking and adjusting timing with a timing light. Also called a "harmonic balance wheel."
crankshaft sprocket: A chain-sprocket mounted on the nose of the crankshaft which drives the camshaft by means of a timing chain
crank throw: [1] The part of the crankshaft that the connecting rod fastens to. See crankpin. [2] The distance between the crankpin and the axis of rotation or centerline of the crankshaft, which is equal to half the stroke
crank web: One of the pair of arms which carry the big-end journal
crash: A vehicle collision with another vehicle or a stationary object.
crash barrier: A longitudinal railing usually found on the edge of the road especially around a curve to help prevent vehicles from leaving the road.
crash box: An informal term for a non-synchromesh transmission. Short term for "crash gearbox."
crash gearbox: An informal term for a non-synchromesh transmission.
crash recorder: An electronic device which measures and records a number of characteristics of a vehicle for 60 seconds before a crash: the speed, direction, braking, etc. so that the cause of a crash can be determined.
crash sensor: A sensor which deploys an air bag when a crash is determined -- usually because of excessive deceleration
crash test: A controlled test of a vehicle in which it is propelled into a wall or another vehicle at a given speed in order to determine the effect on its structure and the effectiveness of its safety devices.
crash test dummy: A specially designed manikin which records the effects in the event of a crash
crate: [1] A framework of wooden boards for protecting something during transport. [2] A vehicle which appears to be unreliable and ready to fall apart.
crater: A depression in the face of a weld, usually at the termination of an arc weld
crawler: A British term for a slow-moving vehicle
crawler gear: A British term for a very low gear used especially in off-road application
crawler lane: A British term for a truck lane for slow moving trucks, especially going up a hill.
crazing: Many fine cracks in the paint surface, resembling crow's feet.
crease: A wrinkle or ridge in metal as a result of design or accident damage.
creep: The tendency of a vehicle with automatic transmission to edge forward when idling when the transmission is in Drive and the brake is not engaged.
creepage: The slow spreading of rust under the paint which usually first appears as a blister and then flaking
creeper: A platform on four small caster wheels that allows you to move around easily while lying on your back under your vehicle.
crescent: The part between the inner and outer gears of an internal gear pump
crescent wrench: An adjustable wrench with smooth jaws.
crest: The highest point of a screw thread. The opposite is called a "root."
crimping: The creation of corrugations in two thin metal parts as they are pressed tightly together in order to join them. This is often the method used to attach fittings to the end of an electrical wire -- thus avoiding the necessity of soldering
crimping pliers: A tool which looks like pliers with serrated jaws which are used to attach fittings to the end of an electrical wire.
crimping tool: A tool which looks like pliers with serrated jaws which are used to attach fittings to the end of an electrical wire.
critical speed: The top speed of an engine or shaft at which unwanted vibration begins.
crocodile clip: British term for alligator clip
Crosley: The 1950-52 Hotshot/SS models are milestone cars.
crossbar: [1] any transverse bar, especially a tie rod across the chassis. [2] The top tube of a bicycle or motorcycle frame. [3] A short bar used to assist a combination wrench in providing extra torque. The British term is "Tommy bar"
cross bracing: strengthening ribs or other members which connect two sides of a frame
cross coat: Paint spraying technique in which consecutive coats are sprayed at right angles to one another
cross-country vehicle: An off road vehicle
cross-draft carburetor: A sidedraft carburetor
cross-draught carburetor: A sidedraft carburetor
crossflow cylinder head: A cylinder head design (especially in an OHC engine) with the inlet manifold on one side and the exhaust manifold on the other side of the head, so that inlet and exhaust valves are arranged on opposite sides of the combustion chamber, giving a wider engine but better gas flow.
crossflow radiator: A radiator in which the water flows sideways instead of vertically, and which is therefore wider than it is high, permitting a lower hood line
cross hatch: See cross-hatch.
cross-hatch: Checkerboard design of the inner surface of cylinder after it is honed.
cross-hatch coat: Checkerboard application of paint to be sure of a continuous paint film. One medium coat is usually followed by a second medium coat in a perpendicular direction.
cross-head screw: A screw with a slot which looks like an X or + into which the tip of the blade of a Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver can be inserted
cross-head screwdriver: A Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver where the tip forms an X or +
cross member: A brace or strut which provides structural stability for the sides of a frame -- often in the shape of an "X"
crossover: See heat crossover.
crossover gearing: A bicycle gearing system whose shift sequence involves moving from the lowest to the midrange of gears on the smaller chainring, then crossing over to the larger chainring for the remainder of the gears.
cross-ply tire: See bias ply tire
cross-point screwdriver: A Phillips or Reed and Prince screwdriver where the tip forms an X or +
cross scavenging: Scavenging in a two-stroke engine with flow across the cylinder assisted by a wedge-shaped piston crown
cross section: A view of an object when cut transversely at right angles across its center. See section width.
cross-shaft: [1] Any transverse shaft. [2] The outgoing shaft of the steering gearbox, to which the pitman arm is connected. The British term is "rocker shaft"
cross-shaft lug wrench: See lug wrench.
cross-shaft lug wrench: See lug wrench.
cross shaft: The shaft in the steering gearbox that engages the steering shaft worm, the cross shaft is splined to the pitman arm.
cross-spoke wheel: Modern design of alloy wheel which imitates the appearance of the classical wire wheel
cross-threaded: The characteristic of a bolt or nut in which the bolt is inserted at an angle so that the original threads are damaged
cross three: A spoking pattern in which a spoke passes over two and under a third spoke before being attached to the rim.
crosswind: Wind blowing at the side of a vehicle
crotch rocket: See sportbike.
crowbar: A iron bar tool with a crook at one end with a forking device for removing nails, etc. The other end has a wedge shape.
crown: [1] The tread area of a tire. [2] The top part of the head of a piston. [3] The outward curvature of an apparently flat sheet metal panel. [4] The curve or convex surface of a properly finished weld
crown radius: The measurement of the curvature of a tire tread between the shoulders of the tire. Expressed as a percentage, it indicates the relative flatness of the tire tread area.
crown wheel: The larger of two gears in a bevel gear drive with teeth around its periphery facing sideways
crown wheel and pinion: A pair of gears in the final drive of a vehicle, always found in the back axle of a rear-wheel drive layout where the pinion is on the end of the propeller shaft driving the crown wheel mounted on the differential at right angles to it, and also in front-wheel drives where the engine is not transversely mounted
crown width: The distance of a tire tread shoulder to shoulder measured along the buffed contour.
cruciform frame: A frame with an X-shaped bracing either as a chassis frame, or in a monocoque as strengthening for the floor
crude oil: Unrefined petroleum as it comes out of the ground. It forms the basis of gasoline, engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, etc.
cruise: To drive at a constant speed, often at highway speed.
cruise control: A feature that keeps your vehicle moving at a set speed. Old cruise controls were mere throttle control units which kept the engine speed the same. When the vehicle approached a hill, the vehicle slowed down noticeable going up and speeded up going down. Later models used vacuum controls to push or pull on the accelerator rod. Newer models use electronic controls to accomplish this task. It can be turned off by hitting the off button or touching the brake pedal. The resume switch allows you to return to the pre-set speed after brake disengagement. The coast switch slows the speed down and the accelerate switch increases it.
cruiser: [1] Any motorcycle designed to be ridden long distances. [2] Motorcycle riders who ride long distances.
cruiser bag: A leather bag which is mounted on the top surface of the fuel tank or possibly other parts of a motorcycle. Although it can be filled with anything for a trip, usually it contains items that you want to access quickly (e.g., camera, road map).
cruising speed: constant speed at which a vehicle can be driven on the highway
crumple zone: An area of a vehicle that is designed to compress during an accident to absorb the energy from the impact.
crusher: A machine which crushes scrapped cars into small blocks.
crush height: The precision insert bearing must fit the bottom end of the connecting rod in order to transfer friction heat to the connecting rod. The insert will protrude a small amount above the rod bore parting surface. This distance is called the crush height. When the rod halves are drawn together, the inserts touch before the halves, thus forcing the inserts tightly into place.
crush washer : A disc with a hole in the center. It is placed around the threads of a bolt and secured with a nut or screwed into a hole. When the head of the bolt is forced against it, the washer is squashed. Crush washers are used on some spark plugs to provide a better seal when installed.
cryogenics: The study of physical phenomena at a temperature below -50°F (46°C)
c spanner: See C-spanner.
c-spanner: A wrench whose end is shaped like a C, used to loosen the lockring on a bottom bracket of a bicycle.
CSSA: Acronym for "Chambre Syndicale Suisse de L'Automobile et Branches Annexes" (Switzerland).
CTC: Acronym for "Chrysler Technology Centre."
CTS: Acronym for Conti Tire System
cubby hole: A glove compartment on older cars, often without a lid.
cubes: A colloquial term for cubic inches, or cubic inch displacement of an engine.
cube van: A truck with a large compartment behind the driver's cab and used for moving various products.
cubic capacity: See displacement.
cubic centimeter: (cc) Metric measurement of engine displacement. 1000 cc = 1 liter (litre) which is about 61 cubic inches (61.02374409). Thus a 428 cubic inch engine is 7 liters (428/61) and a 2 liter engine is 122 cubic inches (2 x 61).
cubic inch: a measurement of volume equal to 16.387 cc
cubic inch displacement: See displacement.
cubic inch engine: An engine which is measured in cubic inches rather than cubic centimeters.
cu. ft.: Abbreviation for "cubic feet."
cu. in.: Abbreviation for "cubic inch" (also C.I.).
cult car: A car which has many enthusiastic owners, but may not necessarily be a classic or milestone car.
Cunningham: The 1925-1948 models are classic cars. The 1951-55 models are milestone cars.
cuno filter: A filter made up of a series of fine discs or plates pressed together in a manner that leaves a very minute space between the discs. Liquid is forced through these openings to produce a straining action.
cup: See adjustable cup, bearing cup, cup washer, and fixed cup.
cup holder: A device to hold a coffee cup or pop bottle. Also called beverage holder
cup seal: Synthetic rubber seal with a single lip used for sealing hydraulic and pneumatic pistons
cup-shaped wire brush: circular wire brush on an arbor for use with an electric drill
cup washer: A washer that is dished.
curb: A stone or cement ridge between the road and the sidewalk. In Britain it is called "kerb"
curb weight: The weight of a vehicle without passengers or payload, but including all fluids (oil, gas, coolant, etc.) and other equipment specified as standard.
cure: A process of vulcanizing raw rubber through the application of heat, pressure, and time to permanently shape and set the rubber at the degree of hardness desired to protect it from the effects of normal operating temperatures and wear.
cure time: The time required at a reference temperature for a compound to reach optimum physical properties.
curing: [1] Process of heating or otherwise treating a rubber or plastic compound to convert it from a thermoplastic or fluid material into the solid, relatively heat-sensitive state desired in the commercial product. When heating is employed, the process is called vulcanization. [2] The final drying stage where the paint reaches maximum strength.
curing gum: A soft, tacky rubber compound used in retreading and repair to facilitate bonding between different rubber compounds and between plies, etc. Also see cushion gum.
curing rim: When retreading a tire, a special rim that supports the inflated tire during the curing process.
curing time: The length of time required for paint or plastic to harden.
curing tube: In retreading a tire, a heavy tube within the tire that provides pressure to force the casing against the matrix during the curing process.
current: [1] The movement of free electrons through a conductor. Also see alternating current and direct current. [2] The most recent model vehicle (i.e., made in the same year as the present calendar).
current regulator: A device for controlling the current output of a generator (which increases with engine speed) by opening a switch when the current exceeds a certain value, thus protecting the generator from damage due to excess current.
cushion: See seat cushion.
cushion gum: A soft, tacky rubber compound used in retreading and repair to facilitate bonding between different rubber compounds and between plies, etc.
custom: [1] A restyled or modified vehicle. [2] A new body mounted on an existing chassis.
customer: A person who is at least potentially able to purchase something. Good customer service involves providing the customer with the best answers to his questions and the best choices to meet his needs or wants.
customize: [1] To restyle or modify a vehicle. [2] To mount a new body on an existing chassis.
customs duties: Customs duties levied on imported goods under the Customs Tariff.
custom wheel: A special wheel with attractive styling, usually alloy, available as an aftermarket accessory, designed to make a car look more sporty
cut-and-shut: A British term for a process of shortening a vehicle by cutting out a section of the chassis and/or bodywork.
cutaway: A drawing which shows some of the exterior part and at the cutaway the interior parts and their workings are shown.
cut-in speed: The speed at which the generator has to rotate to produce a voltage which is greater than that across the battery terminals
cutout: [1] A form of bypass valve, located in the exhaust line, that can be used to divert the flow of exhaust from one pipe to another. Often used to bypass the muffler into a straight pipe. See exhaust cutout. [2] A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery circuit. When the generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when generator stops, cutout breaks circuit. Also referred to as "cutout relay," and "circuit breaker." [3] A portion of a panel which has been removed so that a cover can be inserted. [4] A circuit-breaker, especially one in the charging circuit of a generator output is less than the battery voltage, so that the battery does not drain into the generator. Also called a "cutout relay"
cutout relay: A device to connect or disconnect the generator from the battery circuit. When the generator is charging, cutout makes circuit, when generator stops, cutout breaks circuit. Also referred to as "circuit breaker." See cutout.
cutting compound: An abrasive paste which is used to remove oxidation in the surface of paint in order to bring back the shine.
cutting disc: An abrasive wheel of an angle grinder
cutting flame: A process in welding where cutting takes place by a rapid oxidation at a high temperature produced by a gas flame accompanied by a jet action which blows the oxides away from the cut.
cutting line: A line established by the factory along which welded-up assemblies must be cut when replacing a sheet metal part, in order to maintain structural strength in the finished repair
cutting torch: An oxyacetylene torch for cutting through metal, used by welders.
CV joint: Abbreviation for "constant velocity joint."
CV joint boot: A rubber cover over the CV joint. It usually has accordian folds.
CVMA: Acronym for "Canadian Vehicle Manufacturer's Association"
CVT: Acronym for "Continuously Variable Transmission." See infinitely variable transmission.
cwt: Abbreviation for "hundredweight."
cycle: [1] A vehicle with one or more wheels (usually spoked) where the rider/driver straddles the vehicle as a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle, etc. It also includes other vehicles adapted from a traditional cycle where the rider/driver no longer straddles the vehicle (recumbent cycle, four-wheel side-by-side pedal powered vehicle). Obviously the distinction blurs with automobiles -- are they a cycle? [2] A sequence of changes of state after which the system is in its original state again.
cycle car: A term used to describe the very light production automobile made prior to 1922. It was usually made from motorcycle parts and generally powered by single-cylinder or twin-cylinder engine. They disappeared when genuine light cars appeared.
cyl: Abbreviation for "cylinder," as in 12-cyl. engine.
| cylinder: [1] The round chamber or hole in the cylinder block that houses the pistons and where combustion takes place. Also called "bore" or "barrel." [2] Any tube-like device. See brake master cylinder, cylinder bore, cylinder head, cylinder sequence, cylinder sleeve, and wheel cylinder. | |
cylinder bank: One half of a V-6, V-8, V-12, and V-16 engines along one side.
cylinder barrel: An external casing of a cylinder forming a separate unit, especially of an air-cooled engine
| cylinder block: The basic framework of the engine to which other engine parts are attached. It is usually a casting and includes the engine cylinders and the upper part of the crankcase. Also see engine block. | |
cylinder block heater: An electric heater element in the water jacket connected at the other end to house current. The element warms the coolant so that in very cold weather the block will not crack and the car will start easier. Often just called "block heater."
cylinder bore: The cylinder holes.
cylinder charge: A quantity of fresh mixture fed into the combustion chamber prior to combustion
| cylinder head: The detachable metal (aluminum or iron) section that is bolted to the top of the cylinder block. It is used to cover the tops of the cylinders, in many cases the cylinder head contains the valves, it also forms part of the combustion chamber. It has water and oil passages for cooling and lubrication. It also holds the spark plugs. On most engines a valve cover or rocker arm cover is located on top of the cylinder head. Some engines have just one cylinder head covering several cylinders, while others have separate heads for each cylinder. In some motorcycle engines and small engines, the cylinder head is not detachable -- it is cast with the cylinder which forms a blind hole. | |
cylinder head bolt: One of several bolts which hold the cylinder head in place
cylinder head nut: One of several nuts which hold the cylinder head in place.
cylinder head gasket: See head gasket
cylinder head tester: A device used to detect cylinder head leakages which cause combustion gases to appear in the cooling system
cylinder hone: A tool that uses an abrasive to smooth out (hone) and bring to exact measurements such things as engine cylinders, wheel cylinders, bushings, etc.
cylinder liner: [1] A cylinder sleeve. [2] A hard metal block forming the cylinder wall and in which the piston runs
cylinder sequence: The order in which the cylinders are located on a vehicle. It is important to locate the number one cylinder to check and adjust timing. In some cars it may be at the front of an engine on U.S. built cars and at the rear of some foreign cars. Also see firing order.
cylinder sleeve: A replaceable cylinder liner or tube, it is made of a pipe-like section that is either pressed or pushed into the block. If the cylinder cannot be re-bored to an oversize or if the liner has been damaged beyond repair, the cylinder may be re-sleeved.